Table 4.
Mean (%) mortality ± standard errors (SE) of Tribolium castaneum larvae and adults after 1–7 days in wheat treated with Crithmum maritimum, Smyrnium olusatrum, Trachyspermum ammi, and Elwendia persica essential oils (EOs) at two concentrations, with positive control, pirimiphos–methyl.
| Exposure | 1 Day | 2 Days | 3 Days | 4 Days | 5 Days | 6 Days | 7 Days | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larvae | |||||||||
| EO Type | Concentration: | 500 ppm | F | p | |||||
| Crithmum maritimum | 0.0 ± 0.0 Dc | 0.0 ± 0.0 Dd | 13.3 ± 4.1 Cb | 23.3 ± 2.4 Bb | 42.2 ± 4.0 ABb | 61.1 ± 5.6 Aab | 67.8 ± 6.2 Aab | 78.8 | <0.01 |
| Smyrnium olusatrum | 17.8 ± 3.6 Ca | 44.4 ± 2.4 Ba | 55.6 ± 3.4 ABa | 68.9 ± 5.4 Aa | 73.3 ± 4.7 Aa | 76.7 ± 3.7 Aa | 77.8 ± 3.2 Aa | 40.1 | <0.01 |
| Trachyspermum ammi | 10.0 ± 2.9 Cab | 16.7 ± 3.3 BCbc | 28.9 ± 3.9 ABa | 34.4 ± 5.0 ABb | 51.1 ± 3.9 Ab | 57.8 ± 4.9 Aab | 61.1 ± 4.2 Aabc | 12.4 | <0.01 |
| Elwendia persica | 3.3 ± 1.7 Cbc | 8.9 ± 2.0 Bc | 23.3 ± 4.1 Aa | 35.6 ± 3.8 Ab | 38.9 ± 4.2 Ab | 44.4 ± 5.0 Ab | 48.9 ± 3.5 Ac | 24.9 | <0.01 |
| pirimiphos-methyl | 20.0 ± 3.3 Ca | 22.2 ± 3.6 Cab | 28.9 ± 3.5 BCa | 35.6 ± 3.4 ABb | 41.1 ± 3.1 ABb | 51.1 ± 4.2 Ab | 56.7 ± 2.9 Abc | 12.7 | <0.01 |
| F | 18.9 | 35.1 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 6.2 | ||
| p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| Concentration: | 1000 ppm | ||||||||
| Crithmum maritimum | 12.2 ± 2.8 Bc | 16.7 ± 2.9 Bd | 40.0 ± 6.0 Abc | 61.1 ± 3.5 Ab | 82.2 ± 4.3 Ab | 91.1 ± 3.9 Aab | 91.1 ± 3.9 Aa | 19.2 | <0.01 |
| Smyrnium olusatrum | 48.9 ± 3.9 Ca | 78.9 ± 5.6 Ba | 91.1 ± 4.6 ABa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 34.3 | <0.01 |
| Trachyspermum ammi | 28.9 ± 2.0 Dab | 52.2 ± 3.2 Cab | 77.8 ± 2.8 Ba | 93.3 ± 3.3 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa | 134.9 | <0.01 |
| Elwendia persica | 22.2 ± 2.8 Dab | 33.3 ± 3.3 Cbc | 51.1 ± 4.8 Bb | 65.7 ± 4.8 ABb | 73.3 ± 5.8 ABb | 81.1 ± 5.1 Ab | 90.0 ± 4.4 Aa | 31.3 | <0.01 |
| pirimiphos-methyl | 17.8 ± 2.8 Ebc | 22.2 ± 3.2 DEcd | 27.8 ± 2.2 CDc | 34.4 ± 1.8 BCc | 42.2 ± 1.5 ABc | 53.3 ± 2.9 Ac | 58.9 ± 3.1 Ab | 25.4 | <0.01 |
| F | 9.0 | 15.1 | 21.3 | <67.5 | 59.9 | 38.7 | 33.7 | ||
| p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Adults | |||||||||
| Concentration: | 500 ppm | ||||||||
| Smyrnium olusatrum | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 2.2 ± 1.5 AB | 5.6 ± 2.4 ABa | 7.8 ± 3.6 ABa | 10.0 ± 3.7 ABa | 13.3 ± 3.3 Aa | 4.6 | <0.01 |
| pirimiphos-methyl | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | - | - |
| F | - | - | 2.3 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 9.6 | 25.8 | ||
| p | - | - | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Concentration: | 1000 ppm | ||||||||
| Crithmum maritimum | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bc | 1.1 ± 1.1 ABc | 2.2 ± 1.5 ABcd | 5.6 ± 2.4 Ac | 3.2 | <0.01 |
| Smyrnium olusatrum | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 26.7 ± 2.4 Da | 46.7 ± 5.0 Ca | 58.9 ± 5.4 BCa | 71.1 ± 3.5 ABa | 77.8 ± 2.8 ABa | 81.1 ± 2.6 Aa | 457.0 | <0.01 |
| Trachyspermum ammi | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 1.1 ± 1.1 ABb | 2.2 ± 1.5 ABc | 4.4 ± 1.8 Abc | 5.6 ± 2.4 Ac | 5.6 ± 2.4 Ac | 2.4 | 0.04 |
| Elwendia persica | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 3.3 ± 1.7 BCb | 6.7 ± 1.7 ABb | 7.8 ± 1.5 ABb | 13.3 ± 1.7 Ab | 13.3 ± 1.7 Ab | 18.7 | <0.01 |
| pirimiphos-methyl | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | - | - |
| F | - | 1550.2 | 53.2 | 49.3 | 39.1 | 45.4 | 33.9 | ||
| p | - | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
For each EO, within each row, means followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (df = 6, 62; Tukey HSD test at p = 0.05). For each concentration, within each column, means followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (df = 4, 44; Tukey HSD test at p = 0.05). No significant differences were recorded where no letters exist. No statistical analysis was performed where dashes exist. Due to zero values, mortality data for adults exposed to C. maritimum, T. ammi, and E. persica EOs at 500 ppm are not shown.