Table 2.

Overview of the studies examining the possible impacts of polyphenols on different skin conditions.

Polyphenol	Type of Skin Cell	Assay	Effect	References
Apigenin	Fibroblasts derived from human foreskin	The cells were co-treated with bleomycin for 24 h at a concentration of either 10 or 20 μM	Downregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β mRNA expression; Suppressed NF-κB activity	[212]
Kaempferol	Fibroblasts derived from human foreskin	The cells were co-treated with bleomycin for 24 h at a concentration of either 10 or 20 μM	Downregulated expression of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β mRNA	[212]
Quercetin	Fibroblasts derived from human foreskin	The cells were co-treated with bleomycin for 24 h at a concentration of either 10 or 20 μM	Downregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β mRNA expression; decreased SA-β-Gal activity	[212]
Genistein	Co-culture of NHDF with keratinocytes	Applied a concentration of 10 millimolar for a duration of 72 h following exposure to UV radiation	Decreased the production of IL-6; suppressed the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK	[213]
Gallic acid	NDHF, HaCaT	Applied a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 10 millimolar for a duration of 24 h following UV exposure	Reduced levels of IL-6 and MMP-1; reduced generation of ROS; inhibited phosphorylation of AP-1	[214]
Delphinidin	HaCaT	Used either 5 or 10 micromolar concentration before or after exposure to UV	Restored elastic characteristics	[215]
Fisetin	Senescent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking the Ercc1 gene and human IMR-90 fibroblasts	48 h duration of treatment with a concentration range of 1 to 15 micromolar	Decrease in the proportion of cells that are positive for SA-ß-Gal	[216]
Curcumin/ luteolin	MEFs derived from Ercc1 knockout animals	Treatment for 48 h with a concentration of 5 micromolar	Decrease in the proportion of cells that are positive for SA-ß-Gal	[216]
Hawthorn polyphenol extract (HPE)	Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and HaCaT cells were used in conjunction with mice that were 5–6 weeks old.	Cell treatment: HPE (0, 5, 10 µg/mL) for 24 h; mice were administered HPE at doses of 0, 100, and 300 mg/kg.bw.day for a duration of 12 weeks	1. HPE therapy can enhance cell growth, augment intracellular collagen levels, and decrease MMP–1 synthesis 2. Oral HPE mitigates the harmful effects of UV radiation on the skin by removing ROS, decreasing DNA damage, and suppressing the production of p53	[217,218]
Products containing high levels of polyphenols, such as NutroxsunTM, derived from rosemary and citrus	Adult female	For a prolonged period of time, used NutroxsunTM at a dosage of 250 mg per day for two weeks. For a shorter duration, used NutroxsunTM at a dosage of 100 or 250 mg per day for 24 or 48 h	NutroxsunTM, when consumed as part of a diet, decreases the negative effects of UV radiation on the skin, such as wrinkles and loss of suppleness	[219]
Polyphenolic rich extract (SSE and SSW)/Spatholobus Suberectus stem	HaCaT/Human skin	Tg1: The concentration of SSE used was 0, 3, 10, 30, and 300 µg/mL. Tg2: The concentration of SSW used was 0, 3, 10, 30, and 300 µg/mL for a duration of 24 h	1. The presence of SSE and SSW suppressed the generation of ROS and prevented cellular harm. 2. SSE restores skin by increasing the production of enzymes and proteins in cells, preventing the activation of MAPKs phosphorylation caused by UV radiation, and inhibiting the activity of its downstream transcription factor	[220]
Rambutan peel phenolics (RPP)/Nephelium lappaceum; Leu-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Pro (LSGYGP)/synthetic	Male BALB/c nude mice weighing between 20 and 22 g.	Single group: RPP (100 mg/kg.bw.d), SGYGP (100 mg/kg.bw.d); Composite group: (50 RPP+ 50 LSGYGP) mg/kg.bw.d, (100 RPP + 100 LSGYGP)mg/kg.bw.d/10 weeks	1. The use of RPP and LSGYGP enhanced skin biochemical markers, tissue structure, and collagen levels. 2. RPP improved the control of oxidative stress and the levels of inflammatory factors. 3. The presence of LSGYGP had a substantial impact on the levels of collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin	[221]
Polyphenols/Flavonoid hesperidin	Hairless male mice that were 6 weeks old.	Water was administered to the control group, while the treatment group received UV radiation along with hesperidin at doses of 0 and 100 mg/kg.bw.d for a duration of 12 weeks	1. Hesperidin, when taken orally, prevented the thickening of the skin and the production of wrinkles caused by UV- radiation. 2. Hesperidin suppressed the UV-induced activation of MMP-9 and cytokines and prevented the degradation of collagen fibers	[222]
Polyphenols/3,5,6,7,8,3,4-heptam-ethoxy flavone (HMF)/C.unshiu peels	HDFn cells (human dermal fibroblast cells)	The samples were treated with different concentrations of HMF (0, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL) for a duration of 24 h	1. HMF shielded HDFn cells from damage caused by UV radiation by suppressing the production of MMP-1 through phosphorylated MAPK signals 2. HMF modulated the expression of Smad3 and Smad7 proteins in a manner that is dependent on the dosage	[223]
Polyphenols/ Tectorigenin/ Belamcanda chinensis L.	Human HaCaT cells	Tg refers to the compound Tectorigenin at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM. Cg refers to the control group treated with VC at a concentration of 200 µM for a duration of 24 h	1. Tectorigenin reduces ROS levels by enhancing the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. 2. Tectorigenin decreases the expression of mmp–1 and hinders the breakdown of collagen. 3. Tectorigenin exerts an inhibitory effect on apoptosis via modulating the expression of caspase–3 and bcl–2 associated proteins	[224]
Curcumin gel	The skin of breast cancer patients receiving radiation therapy with a range of 36 to 81 years.	Applied the medication topically containing 4% curcumin three times daily for a duration of one week	Topical use of curcumin as a preventive therapy may effectively manage radiation-induced skin inflammation and alleviate associated pain	[225]
Turmeric supplements	Patients between the ages of 18 and 75 with mild scalp psoriasis.	Administered topical cream having turmeric 9% twice a day for a duration of nine weeks	The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores were evaluated, revealing that the application of turmeric tonic resulted in a considerable reduction in redness, flaking of the scalp and skin abnormalities.	[226]
An anti-itch cream containing a combination of several herbs, with a 16% concentration of turmeric extract and a 0.1% concentration of turmeric oil.	Children aged 2 to 12 with atopic dermatitis	Applied a topical cream containing 16% turmeric twice a day	Both the treatment group, which used an anti-itching cream, and the control group, which used Moisturex, showed significant improvements in all measured aspects, including subjective itching severity, clinical evaluation, and overall health	[227]
Tablets containing pomegranate extract with a high concentration of ellagic acid	Individuals with skin that has undergone aging due to exposure to UV radiation, typically between the ages of 20 and 40.	Administered at a high dose of 200 mg/d ellagic acid or a low dose of 100 mg/d ellagic acid once a day for a duration of four weeks	The questionnaire results indicated that the decrease in skin luminance values was reduced by 1.35% in the low-dose group and by 1.73% in the high-dose group compared to the initial measurement. Furthermore, there was a noticeable upward trajectory in the quality of certain aspects, such as “facial brightness” and “spots and freckles”	[228]
Oral green tea supplement with topical green tea cream	Women having a moderate level of photoaging	Application of a cream containing 10% green tea and taking 300 mg of green tea orally twice a day for a duration of eight weeks	Participants who received a combined treatment of topical and oral green tea demonstrated histological enhancements in elastin levels; however, no noticeable clinical alterations were seen	[229]
Multicomponent polyphenol supplement	Moderate photoaging between the ages of 40 and 65	VitAoX ultra® formula 50 mg Camellia sinensis L, two capsules daily for twelve weeks	Increased antioxidant capability and anti-aging metrics	[230]
Taking a vitamin C and green tea supplement orally	Healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 65	Green tea extract 450 mg per gelatin capsule daily for 12 weeks	UV protection to fibulin-5	[231]
Freshly prepared green tea beverages	Healthy subjects between the ages of 20 and 55	Consumption of 600 mL of freshly brewed green tea beverages per day for a duration of 2 weeks	Enhanced Skin radical scavenging activity	[232]
Tablets containing polyphenols found in apple	Healthy women between the ages of 20 and 39	Tablets of 300 or 600 mg daily for 12 weeks	Prevented UV-induced skin pigmentation	[233]