Table 3.

Utilizing plant polyphenols in nanotechnology-based skin therapies.

Polyphenol	Delivery Systems	Skin Model	Main Results	Reference
Quercetin	NLC gel	Strat-M membrane and excised rat skin membrane in Franz diffusion cell	There was a notable increase in the ability of the skin to absorb substances when using this gel, as compared to the traditional gel	[234]
	Nanogels	Franz diffusion cell apparatus using Strat-M transdermal diffusion membrane	Chitosan-based nanogel has a lower but controlled skin permeation rate	[235]
	SLN	Vertical Franz diffusion cells, using full-thickness human skin	The quercetin-containing solid lipid-based nanosystems exhibited greater quercetin retention in the skin compared to the control formulation	[236]
	Mesoporous silica	Porcine skin in vertical Franz diffusion cells	Quercetin-loaded mesoporous nanoparticles exhibited enhanced skin accumulation compared to free quercetin	[237]
	Nanoparticles	Franz diffusion cells and mice skin	Lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles enhanced the penetration of quercetin and augmented its retention in the epidermis	[238]
Curcumin	Microemulsion	HaCaT cells; Human skin	Substantial amounts of curcumin were detected in the dermis, and the application of curcumin microemulsion reduced the harmful effects of UV radiation on the outer layer of the skin	[239]
	Phytovesicles	Mice	The phytovesicles demonstrated superior efficacy in comparison to all other preparations and ordinary curcumin in delivering heightened antioxidant and anti-aging benefits	[240]
	Liposome (DLs) nanocarriers	Isolated human skin	Consistently infiltrated the skin and improved its biological characteristics	[241]
	Transparent plastid nanovesicles	Human keratinocytes	In vitro, it provided protection to human keratinocytes against damage caused by oxidative stress, mitigated inflammation and injury induced by 12-0-tetracyl-chlorowave, decreased edema development, and enhanced the biocompatibility and safety of the components	[242]
	Peptide-modified curcumin-loaded liposome (CRC-TD-Lip)	Mice	It demonstrated exceptional stability and a remarkable capacity to encapsulate curcumin, resulting in an expedited transdermal distribution of curcumin and an increased suppression of psoriasis	[243]