Table 2.

Summary of Current Literature on Intra-Oral Topical Treatment Options.

Reference	Summary	Drugs Mentioned	Method of Use
[34]. Haribabu et al., 2013	Case report on topical medications for managing neuropathic orofacial pain, including various drug combinations.	4% carbamazepine, 1% lidocaine, 4% gabapentin	Several weeks of topical treatment
[35]. Nasri-Heir et al., 2013	Overview of topical medications as a treatment for neuropathic orofacial pain, highlighting their application and benefits.	N/A	N/A
[1]. Padilla et al., 2000	Review of topical medications for orofacial neuropathic pain, discussing their applications and potential effectiveness.	N/A	N/A
[38]. Dworkin et al., 2007	Evidence-based recommendations for pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain, including topical options.	N/A	N/A
[10]. Baad-Hansen and Benoliel, 2017	Discussion of neuropathic orofacial pain, highlighting facts and fiction in its treatment approaches.	N/A	N/A
[23]. Heir et al., 2022	A narrative review discussing the use of compounded topical medications for orofacial pain treatment.	ketamine 4%, carbamazepine 4%, lidocaine 1%, ketoprofen 4%, gabapentin 4%, and especially pregabalin 5–10% within a lipoderm inert vehicle	Application beneath neurosensory stent 3 to 4 times per day
		capsaicin 0.025–0.075% paste or 8% patch	Up to 4 times a day for 8 weeks 1–4 patches for 30–60 min, once in 3 months
[41]. Casale et al., 2014	Case report on the use of 5% lidocaine-medicated plaster for localized neuropathic orofacial pain.	5% lidocaine-medicated plaster	Application to affected area
[42]. Fusco and Alessandri, 1992	Discussion of the analgesic effect of capsaicin in trigeminal neuralgia.	capsaicin	Application to affected area
[45]. Bavarian et al., 2022	Retrospective case series on the use of oral appliances in the management of neuropathic orofacial pain.	N/A	N/A
[46]. Axell, T., 2008	Exploration of the treatment of painful symptoms in the oral mucosa using lingual acrylic splints.	N/A	N/A
[49]. Patel S et al., 2018	Discussion of topical medications for common orofacial pain conditions, emphasizing practical applications.	benzocaine, lidocaine	N/A
[50]. Vickers et al., 1998	Analysis of patients with atypical odontalgia and pharmacological procedures for diagnosis and treatment.	0.025% capsaicin for 3 min twice a day after local anesthetic application	Local application for 3 min twice a day after local anesthetic application
[37]. Heir et al., 2008	Retrospective study on the use of topical medications in orofacial neuropathic pain treatment.	4% carbamazepine, 1% lidocaine, 4% ketoprofen, 4% ketamine, and 4% gabapentin	Topical application
[51]. Plaza-Villegas et al., 2012	The only study on an animal model—rats with local neuropathic pain, applying a topical regimen of pregabalin and diclofenac—showing a reduction in pain intensity.	Topical regimen of pregabalin 10% and diclofenac 5%.	Topical application