Table 2.

The different probiotic strains used in in vivo studies for treating the reproductive tract and their effects.

Strains Used	Species	Target	Effects	References
Lactobacillus sakei FUA 3089 Pediococcus acidilactici FUA 3140 P. acidilactici FUA 3138	cattle	vagina, before and after calving	Lowered incidence of uterine infections and purulent vaginal discharge, and improved local and systemic immune responses. Multiparous cows had greater milk production and feed efficiency. The concentration of plasma haptoglobin was lower. Increased concentrations of serum progesterone level and earlier cyclicity of ovaries.	[104,105,106,107]
L. rhamnosus CECT 278 P. acidilactici CECT 5915 L. reuteri DSM 20016	cattle	vagina, before calving	Reduced metritis prevalence	[108]
L. rhamnosus CECT 278 P. acidilactici CECT 5915 L. reuteri DSM 20016	cattle	vagina, before calving	LAB decreases the amount of E. coli in the endometrium ex vivo.	[109]
L. buchneri DSM 32407	cattle	uterus, lactating cows on d 24–30 postpartum	Stimulatory effect on the local immune system. A higher proportion of cows were pregnant after the first service. The endometrial mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory factors was lower.	[112]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KUGBRC P. pentosaceus GBRCKU	buffalo	vagina, after calving, with clinical endometritis	Reduced number of oestrus induction days and lower incidence of endometritis.	[113]
L. rhamnosus P. acidilactici L. reuteri	cattle	vagina, before calving	Decreased incidence of metritis and increased conception rate in multiparous cows.	[114]
L. farraginis NRIC 0676 L. rhamnosus NBRC 3425	cattle	vagina, before and after calving	Lowered incidence rates of uterine infections, improved uterine involution and increased fertility	[115]