Table 1.
Population characteristics and description at age 14
| Variable | Overall, N = 1431 | Boy, N = 771 | Girl, N = 661 | p2 | Adjusted p3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 14.46 (0.17) | 14.46 (0.16) | 14.45 (0.19) | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Thelarche or testicular development | 3.81 (0.78) | 3.69 (0.80) | 3.95 (0.73) | 0.044 | 0.2 |
| Pubarche | 3.64 (0.85) | 3.35 (0.74) | 3.97 (0.86) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| zBMI | − 0.09 (1.00) | − 0.18 (1.04) | 0.02 (0.95) | 0.093 | 0.2 |
| Sick in the week before the home visit (yes/overall) | 7/138 (5.1%) | 3/73 (4.1%) | 4/65 (6.2%) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| (Missing) | 5 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Oral antibiotics in the past one year (yes/overall) | 2/143 (1.4%) | 0/77 (0%) | 2/66 (3.0%) | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Diet quality | 86.94 (16.84) | 84.06 (17.74) | 90.15 (15.29) | 0.079 | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 12 | 8 | 4 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids (yes/overall) | 5/138 (3.6%) | 2/73 (2.7%) | 3/65 (4.6%) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| (Missing) | 5 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Probiotics (yes/overall) | 0/138 (0%) | 0/73 (0%) | 0/65 (0%) | – | – |
| (Missing) | 5 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Physical activity | 2.34 (0.55) | 2.33 (0.57) | 2.34 (0.54) | > 0.9 | > 0.9 |
| (Missing) | 7 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Drinking alcohol in the past one year (yes/overall) | 29/141 (21%) | 17/75 (23%) | 12/66 (18%) | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Smoking cigarettes in the past one year (yes/overall) | 4/141 (2.8%) | 1/75 (1.3%) | 3/66 (4.5%) | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Taking drugs in the past one year (yes/overall) | 5/141 (3.5%) | 2/75 (2.7%) | 3/66 (4.5%) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| (Missing) | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Bristol score4 | 3.12 (0.96) | 3.23 (0.91) | 2.98 (1.00) | 0.058 | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 23 | 13 | 10 | ||
| Maternal education level | 5.94 (1.33) | 5.79 (1.51) | 6.12 (1.06) | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Paternal education level | 5.39 (1.83) | 5.34 (1.95) | 5.45 (1.69) | > 0.9 | > 0.9 |
| (Missing) | 8 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Overnight sleep duration in hours | 8.24 (1.06) | 8.37 (1.12) | 8.10 (0.99) | 0.086 | 0.2 |
| (Missing) | 6 | 5 | 1 | ||
| Pets (yes/overall) | 96/143 (67%) | 49/77 (64%) | 47/66 (71%) | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Internalizing behavior | 4.14 (3.03) | 3.02 (2.39) | 5.44 (3.20) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Min, median, max | 0, 4, 16 | 0, 3, 10 | 0, 5, 16 | ||
| Clinically significant, yes/overall | 28/142 (20%) | 6/76 (7.9%) | 22/66 (33%) | ||
| (Missing) | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Externalizing behavior | 6.33 (2.94) | 6.16 (3.09) | 6.52 (2.76) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Min, median, max | 0, 6, 15 | 0, 6, 12 | 1, 6, 15 | ||
| Clinically significant, yes/overall | 51/142 (36%) | 29/76 (38%) | 22/66 (33%) | ||
| (Missing) | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Social anxiety | 41.20 (12.62) | 38.14 (12.17) | 44.63 (12.32) | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Min, median, max | 18, 39, 79 | 18, 36, 79 | 18, 43, 71 | ||
| Clinically significant, yes/overall | 34/138 (25%) | 13/73 (18%) | 21/65 (32%) | ||
| (Missing) | 5 | 4 | 1 |
1Mean (SD); n/N (%)
2Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher's exact test; Pearson's Chi-squared test
3False discovery rate correction for multiple testing
4Bristol stool consistency scale was used as a numeric variable