Table 1.
Application vehicle and therapeutic effects of probiotics
| Vehicle | Test strain | Dose | Frequency | Sample | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk powder | L. paracasssei | 5 × 107 CFU | once daily for 3 months | 124 children aged 1.5–5 | reduced the count of S. mutans in saliva and delayed the development of new dental caries | 187 |
| Milk | L. paracasei | 7.5 × 109 CFU | once daily for 4 weeks | 30 orthodontically treated nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate patients with a mean age of 19 | reduced the count of S. mutans, while increasing the count of Lactobacillus and the colonization | 188 |
| Yogurt | B. animalis | 2 × 108 CFU | once daily for 2 weeks | 49 healthy children aged 6–12 | could not reduce the levels of salivary S. mutans and Lactobacillus | 189 |
| Yogurt | B. lactis | unclear | once daily for 2 weeks | 30 individuals aged 10–30 undergoing orthodontic treatment | reduced total microbial counts in dental plaque | 190 |
| Yogurt | B. lactis BB12 | 1 × 106 CFU | 300 g daily for 2 weeks | 66 students aged 18–30 with initial stages of dental caries | reduced the count of S. mutans and Lactobacillus in the probiotic group | 191 |
| Cheese | L. acidophilus NCFM or L. rhamnosus Lr-32 (DuPontTM Danisco®, São Paulo, Brazil) | 1 × 108-9 CFU/g each strain | 50 g daily for 16 weeks | 60 elderly denture wearers | reduced the colonization of oral Candida | 192 |
| Cheese | L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus LC705 | 1 × 107 CFU/g each strain | 5 × 15 g daily for 3 weeks after a meal or snack | 74 adults aged 18–35 | reduced the count of S. mutans during the post-treatment period | 193 |
| Cheese | L. casei LAFTIL26 | 1 × 106 CFU/g | 50 g twice daily for 2 weeks with breakfast and dinner meals | 60 adults with a mean age of 28 | could not reduce the count of S. mutans and Lactobacillus in the probiotic group | 194 |
| Ice cream | B. lactis Bb-12 and L. acidophilus La-5 | 1 × 106 CFU each strain | once daily for 7 days | 60 healthy children aged 6–12 | reduced the count of salivary S. mutans | 195 |
| Cereal | L. paracasei F19 | 1 × 108 CFU | once daily for 9 months | 179 infants aged 4 months | no impact on the frequency of dental caries, mutans streptococci, or lactobacilli | 196 |
| Novel slow-release pacifier | B. animalis lactis BB-12 | 1 × 1010 CFU | twice daily for 2 years | 106 infants aged 1–2 months | no impact on the oral colonization of B. animalis lactis BB-12 and mutans streptococci in the early administration | 197 |
| Chewing gum | L. reuteri ATCC 55730 and ATCC PTA 1 | 1 × 108 CFU/gum each strain | three times daily after meals for 3 weeks | 80 healthy adults aged 21–24 | significantly reduced the levels of salivary mutans streptococci | 198 |
| Curd | L. acidophilus and B. lactis BB12 (Mother dairy b-activ Plus®) | unclear | once daily for 7 days before breakfast | 60 caries-free adults aged 20–25 | Significantly improved salivary pH and reduced the count of salivary S. mutans | 199 |
| Curd | L. acidophilus-SD 5221 (Active Plus; Nestle, Chennai, India) | 1 × 109 CFU | with their lunch for 30 days | 60 orthodontic patients aged 14–29 | significantly reduced the levels of S. mutans in the plaque around the brackets | 200 |
| Carrot-pineapple juice (Gefilus®) | L. rhamnosus GG | 5 × 106 CFU/mL | five times a week for 7 months | 530 healthy children aged 3–6 | reduced the count of S. mutans and the risk of dental caries | 201 |
| Mouthwash (ProBiora3,TM]) | S. oralis KJ3sm, S. uberis KJ2sm, and S. rattus JH145 | 106 or 108 CFU each strain | twice daily for 4 weeks | 20 healthy adults aged 21–35 | reduced the levels of S. mutans | 202 |
CFU colony forming units, B. animalis Bifidobacterium animalis, S. uberis Streptococcus uberis, S. rattus Streptococcus rattus.