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. 2024 Feb 25;22:202. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05004-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Comparison of gut mycobiome diversity and structure between ESRD patients and healthy controls. A PCoA based on Bray–Curtis distance of the fungal profiles at the species level. The plot displayed the distribution of samples along PCoA1 and PCoA2, with ellipsoids indicating the 80% confidence interval for each group. The bottom and left boxplots displayed the sample scores in PCoA1 and PCoA2. B Comparison of alpha diversity indexes between ESRD patients and healthy controls. The p-value was determined by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. C Pie chart showing the composition of fungal subphyla in each group. The percentages represented the average relative abundance of each subphylum. D Distribution of the top 10 abundant genera across all samples. E Boxplots showing the relative abundances of the genera Aspergillus and Hortaea in each group. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment