Figure 3.

GPNMB alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats after SCI. ELISA (A) was employed to quantify the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in spinal cord tissue. The DCFH-DA assay kit (B) was utilized to detect ROS. The expression levels of MDA and GSH were determined using MDA and GSH assay kits, respectively (C). DCFH-DA: 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GPNMB: glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B; GSH: glutathione; IL: interleukin; MDA: malondialdehyde; NC: negative control; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SCI: spinal cord injury; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha. Compared with the sham group, ***P < 0.001, and when compared with the SCI group, ^##P < 0.01, ^##P < 0.001.