Figure 6.

GPNMB reduces LPS-induced cell damage by enhancing autophagy. CCK-8 assay was used to measure cell viability in the presence or absence of 3-MA. (A). TUNEL assay was used to assess cell apoptosis in the presence or absence of 3-MA (B). Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in the presence or absence of 3-MA (C). ELISA was used to measure the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the presence or absence of 3-MA (D). The DCFH-DA assay kit was utilized to detect ROS in the presence or absence of 3-MA (E). The expression levels of MDA and GSH were determined using MDA and GSH assay kits in the presence or absence of 3-MA, respectively (F). DCFH-DA: 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GPNMB: glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B; GSH: glutathione; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MDA: malondialdehyde; NC: negative control; ROS: reactive oxygen species. Compared with the control group, ***P < 0.001, compared with the LPS group, ^###P < 0.001, and when compared with the LPS + GPNMB group, ^@P < 0.05, ^@@P < 0.01, ^@@@P < 0.001.