Fig. 1.

Pathological manifestations of the brain after MI/RI. At the subcellular level, mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) formation and tau hyperphosphorylation occur after MI/RI (left part of the figure). At the cellular level, astrocyte activation, microglia activation, overproliferation, neuronal apoptosis combined with dendritic spine damage, and increased macrophage infiltration were observed after MI/R I (middle of the figure). At the tissue level (right part of the figure), MI/RI caused damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). MI/RI, Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.