Table 1. Clinical studies regarding the efficacy and safety of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ED: emergency department; SPS: sodium polystyrene sulfonate; SD: standard deviation; SZC: sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

Author (Year)	Groups studied and intervention	Results and findings	Conclusions
Lepage et al. [14]	Patients with CKD and mild hyperkalemia were administered oral 30 g SPS or placebo once/day for 7 days	The mean difference between groups -1.04 mEq/L with a 95% confidence interval (-1.37 to – 0.71)	SPS was superior to placebo.
Hasara et al. [15]	Patients presenting to the ED with hyperkalemia were administered SPS or SZC	The mean change in serum potassium from baseline to repeat level was -1.1mEq/L for both groups	SPS and SZC administration resulted in a similar reduction of serum potassium.
Nguyen et al. [16]	For Adult patients (18+) admitted for acute hyperkalemia, a dose of patiromer (8.4 g or 16.8 g) or SPS (15 g or 30 g) administered	The mean SD potassium reduction was higher when using SPS compared to patiromer 0.76 (0.63) mEq/L vs 0.32 (0.65) mEq/L, (P = .001)	SPS demonstrated a clinically significant reduction in serum potassium compared to patiromer.