Table S3. The daily average numbers of elder pneumonia death under different scenarios of low temperatures and cold waves in Jinan City from 2014 to 2022 (November to March) (mean±SD).

Death counts	T.≤5 ℃ and ≥2 days			T.≤−2 ℃ and ≥2 days			T.≤−4 ℃ and ≥2 days			T.≤−5 ℃ and ≥2 days			T.≤−7 ℃ and ≥2 days			T.≤−10 ℃ and ≥2 days
	Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No
Abbreviation: T.=temperature. * Represents that the daily number of deaths in the group is significantly higher than in the other group.
Infectious pneumonia
All pathogen	3.51±2.16*	2.82±1.88		3.68±2.23*	3.19±2.05		3.88±2.34*	3.23±2.06		3.85±2.19*	3.26±2.09		3.63±2.30*	3.29±2.10		3.23±1.54	3.31±2.11
Viral	0.33±0.60	0.18±0.46		0.35±0.60	0.27±0.55		0.34±0.60*	0.28±0.56		0.35±0.60	0.28±0.56		0.32±0.65*	0.29±0.56		0.46±0.78*	0.29±0.56
Bacterial	0.83±0.93*	0.67±0.90		0.89±0.98*	0.75±0.90		0.92±0.96	0.77±0.92		0.91±0.91	0.77±0.92		0.88±0.78*	0.78±0.93		0.85±0.80*	0.78±0.92
Other infectious	2.27±1.73*	1.89±1.49		2.37±1.78*	2.10±1.63		2.56±1.91*	2.11±1.63		2.55±1.86*	2.13±1.65		2.39±1.88*	2.15±1.67		1.92±1.19	2.16±1.68
Gender
Male	1.89±1.47*	1.57±1.35		2.05±1.56*	1.72±1.39		2.16±1.63*	1.75±1.41		2.15±1.52*	1.77±1.43		2.17±1.51*	1.78±1.44		1.92±1.26*	1.79±1.44
Female	1.62±1.41*	1.25±1.18		1.64±1.43	1.47±1.33		1.72±1.49	1.48±1.34		1.69±1.51	1.50±1.34		1.46±1.52	1.51±1.35		1.31±1.80	1.51±1.35*
Residential area
Urban	2.64±1.77*	2.18±1.64		2.74±1.86	2.43±1.70		2.89±1.97	2.46±1.71		2.91±1.98*	2.47±1.72		2.80±2.17*	2.50±1.73		2.15±1.41	2.51±1.75*
Rural	0.87±0.98*	0.63±0.82		0.94±0.98	0.75±0.93		0.99±1.03	0.77±0.93		0.94±0.99	0.79±0.94		0.83±1.02*	0.80±0.94		1.08±1.19*	0.80±0.94