Table 3.
Incidence rate and hazard ratio of clinical sequelae in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cohort after weighting during 0–30 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection
| 0–30 days | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (REF) | COVID-19 | |||||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | Received single dose | Received two doses | Received booster dose(s) | |||||||||||
| Clinical sequelae | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio |
| Major CVD | 1312 | 4.37 (4.14, 4.61) | 5941 | 20.38 (19.87, 20.90) | 4.64 (4.00, 5.38) | 4038 | 13.69 (13.28, 14.12) | 3.13 (2.60, 3.76) | 3300 | 11.05 (10.68, 11.43) | 2.53 (2.21, 2.89) | 2612 | 8.67 (8.35, 9.01) | 1.99 (1.72, 2.29) |
| Stroke | 818 | 2.61 (2.44, 2.79) | 3605 | 11.90 (11.52, 12.29) | 4.52 (3.74, 5.48) | 2437 | 7.94 (7.63, 8.26) | 3.03 (2.40, 3.83) | 2287 | 7.35 (7.05, 7.65) | 2.81 (2.39, 3.31) | 1702 | 5.41 (5.15, 5.67) | 2.07 (1.71, 2.51) |
| Myocardial infarction | 300 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 1895 | 6.00 (5.74, 6.28) | 6.42 (4.99, 8.26) | 1560 | 4.91 (4.67, 5.16) | 5.27 (3.88, 7.16) | 980 | 3.06 (2.87, 3.25) | 3.29 (2.53, 4.27) | 925 | 2.85 (2.67, 3.04) | 3.07 (2.38, 3.96) |
| Heart failure | 272 | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 1326 | 4.22 (4.00, 4.46) | 4.99 (3.72, 6.68) | 913 | 2.88 (2.70, 3.08) | 3.41 (2.36, 4.93) | 643 | 2.01 (1.86, 2.17) | 2.38 (1.75, 3.25) | 354 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 1.30 (0.88, 1.92) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 154 | 0.48 (0.41, 0.56) | 668 | 2.14 (1.98, 2.31) | 4.43 (2.95, 6.65) | 597 | 1.90 (1.75, 2.06) | 3.93 (2.51, 6.15) | 425 | 1.34 (1.22, 1.47) | 2.77 (1.89, 4.06) | 509 | 1.58 (1.45, 1.72) | 3.28 (2.34, 4.60) |
| Coronary artery disease | 483 | 1.55 (1.41, 1.69) | 2116 | 6.88 (6.60, 7.18) | 4.43 (3.50, 5.60) | 1669 | 5.41 (5.15, 5.67) | 3.49 (2.62, 4.63) | 1267 | 4.07 (3.85, 4.30) | 2.63 (2.11, 3.27) | 1098 | 3.51 (3.30, 3.72) | 2.27 (1.82, 2.82) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 41 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.17) | 288 | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 7.18 (3.53, 14.60) | 273 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 6.78 (3.19, 14.39) | 110 | 0.34 (0.28, 0.41) | 2.70 (1.25, 5.81) | 72 | 0.22 (0.17, 0.27) | 1.75 (0.77, 3.96) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 1092 | 3.36 (3.17, 3.57) | 6361 | 20.00 (19.51, 20.49) | 5.92 (5.17, 6.78) | 3440 | 10.74 (10.39, 11.10) | 3.19 (2.65, 3.84) | 2118 | 6.55 (6.28, 6.84) | 1.95 (1.63, 2.32) | 1057 | 3.23 (3.04, 3.43) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.26) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 115 | 0.36 (0.30, 0.43) | 361 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) | 3.22 (1.88, 5.50) | 688 | 2.20 (2.04, 2.37) | 6.10 (3.65, 10.21) | 399 | 1.26 (1.14, 1.39) | 3.51 (2.33, 5.27) | 234 | 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) | 2.03 (1.30, 3.16) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 189 | 0.58 (0.50, 0.67) | 1405 | 4.45 (4.23, 4.69) | 7.58 (5.44, 10.55) | 715 | 2.25 (2.08, 2.41) | 3.83 (2.53, 5.80) | 449 | 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) | 2.39 (1.66, 3.43) | 431 | 1.33 (1.20, 1.45) | 2.27 (1.59, 3.23) |
| Seizure | 103 | 0.32 (0.26, 0.38) | 741 | 2.37 (2.20,2.54) | 7.40 (4.68, 11.69) | 573 | 1.81 (1.66, 1.96) | 5.67 (3.20, 10.06) | 233 | 0.73 (0.64, 0.82) | 2.28 (1.43, 3.65) | 296 | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 2.86 (1.51, 5.43) |
| End-stage renal disease | 37 | 0.11 (0.08, 0.16) | 238 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | 6.50 (2.86, 14.76) | 55 | 0.17 (0.13, 0.22) | 1.50 (0.37, 6.06) | 94 | 0.29 (0.24, 0.35) | 2.54 (1.02, 6.30) | 87 | 0.27 (0.21, 0.33) | 2.33 (0.63, 8.62) |
| Acute kidney injury | 87 | 0.27 (0.22, 0.33) | 803 | 2.54 (2.37, 2.73) | 9.45 (6.26, 14.27) | 818 | 2.57 (2.40, 2.75) | 9.57 (6.02, 15.20) | 313 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 3.63 (2.24, 5.86) | 387 | 1.19 (1.07, 1.31) | 4.43 (2.77, 7.09) |
| Pancreatitis | 56 | 0.17 (0.13, 0.22) | 270 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 4.89 (2.41, 9.93) | 137 | 0.43 (0.36, 0.51) | 2.47 (0.80, 7.62) | 146 | 0.45 (0.38, 0.53) | 2.61 (1.38, 4.92) | 133 | 0.41 (0.34, 0.48) | 2.35 (1.31, 4.22) |
| All-cause mortality | 5379 | 16.56 (16.12, 17.00) | 99,819 | 313.79 (311.85, 315.74) | 18.89 (18.07, 19.74) | 47,563 | 148.53 (147.20, 149.87) | 8.96 (8.46, 9.48) | 21,135 | 65.40 (64.52, 66.28) | 3.95 (3.71, 4.20) | 9418 | 28.81 (28.23, 29.40) | 1.74 (1.50, 2.02) |
CI confidence interval, REF reference group, Major CVD major cardiovascular disease, Composite outcome of stroke, heart failure and coronary artery disease.
Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by Cox regression, HR > 1 (or <1) indicates patients with COVID-19 had a higher (lower) risk of sequelae compared to the non-COVID-19 control cohort.
Unvaccinated, incomplete vaccinated, fully vaccinated and received booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines refers to patients who have received 0 dose, 1 doses, 2 doses and ≥3 doses of BioNtech or CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccines, respectively.