Table 5.
Incidence rate and hazard ratio of clinical sequelae in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cohort after weighting during 91–180 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection
| 91–180 days | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (REF) | COVID-19 | |||||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | Incomplete vaccination | Fully vaccinated | Received booster dose | |||||||||||
| Clinical sequelae | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio | Event | Incidence per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio |
| Major CVD | 4239 | 5.58 (5.42, 5.75) | 6525 | 8.24 (8.04, 8.44) | 1.48 (1.29, 1.70) | 5820 | 6.91 (6.74, 7.09) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.45) | 4709 | 5.63 (5.47, 5.79) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 3223 | 5.00 (4.83, 5.18) | 0.89 (0.79, 0.99) |
| Stroke | 2461 | 3.11 (2.99, 3.23) | 3270 | 3.96 (3.83, 4.10) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.56) | 3196 | 3.65 (3.52, 3.77) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) | 2637 | 3.03 (2.92, 3.15) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 1561 | 2.33 (2.21, 2.44) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) |
| Myocardial infarction | 913 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | 1499 | 1.74 (1.65, 1.83) | 1.55 (1.16, 2.07) | 1156 | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.58) | 938 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.17) | 899 | 1.30 (1.22, 1.39) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.47) |
| Heart failure | 834 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 2135 | 2.49 (2.39, 2.60) | 2.44 (1.95, 3.05) | 1516 | 1.68 (1.59, 1.76) | 1.65 (1.24, 2.19) | 1299 | 1.45 (1.38, 1.53) | 1.43 (1.16, 1.75) | 716 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.30) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 676 | 0.84 (0.77, 0.90) | 1047 | 1.23 (1.16, 1.31) | 1.47 (1.07, 2.02) | 1071 | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | 956 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.14) | 1.28 (1.02, 1.61) | 800 | 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) | 1.41 (0.96, 2.05) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1699 | 2.15 (2.05, 2.25) | 2688 | 3.20 (3.09, 3.33) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.84) | 2403 | 2.72 (2.62, 2.83) | 1.27 (1.01, 1.59) | 1856 | 2.13 (2.04, 2.23) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 1514 | 2.27 (2.16, 2.39) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 149 | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 263 | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) | 1.66 (0.87, 3.16) | 343 | 0.38 (0.34, 0.42) | 2.06 (1.05, 4.04) | 98 | 0.11 (0.09, 0.13) | 0.60 (0.30, 1.17) | 135 | 0.19 (0.16, 0.23) | 1.07 (0.47, 2.47) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 1557 | 1.90 (1.80, 1.99) | 2870 | 3.30 (3.18, 3.42) | 1.74 (1.44, 2.10) | 1673 | 1.83 (1.74, 1.92) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.24) | 1214 | 1.34 (1.27, 1.42) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.87) | 397 | 0.57 (0.52, 0.63) | 0.30 (0.21, 0.44) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 432 | 0.54 (0.49, 0.59) | 955 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | 2.12 (1.46, 3.09) | 864 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.83 (1.19, 2.81) | 559 | 0.63 (0.58, 0.69) | 1.19 (0.89, 1.59) | 425 | 0.63 (0.57, 0.69) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.68) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 714 | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 1447 | 1.68 (1.59, 1.77) | 1.92 (1.43, 2.58) | 1017 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | 1.28 (0.89, 1.84) | 1022 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | 1.30 (1.04, 1.62) | 594 | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.40) |
| Seizure | 389 | 0.48 (0.43, 0.53) | 1046 | 1.22 (1.15, 1.30) | 2.59 (1.81, 3.71) | 936 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 2.20 (1.46, 3.34) | 412 | 0.46 (0.42, 0.50) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.36) | 300 | 0.43 (0.39, 0.48) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.65) |
| End-stage renal disease | 77 | 0.09 (0.08, 0.12) | 132 | 0.15 (0.13, 0.18) | 1.62 (0.58, 4.52) | 182 | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) | 2.15 (0.83, 5.62) | 39 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.34) | 0 | NA | NA |
| Acute kidney injury | 355 | 0.43 (0.39, 0.48) | 638 | 0.74 (0.68, 0.80) | 1.71 (1.14, 2.57) | 498 | 0.55 (0.50, 0.60) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | 441 | 0.49 (0.45, 0.54) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.61) | 144 | 0.21 (0.18, 0.25) | 0.48 (0.26, 0.88) |
| Pancreatitis | 181 | 0.22 (0.19, 0.25) | 205 | 0.24 (0.21, 0.27) | 1.07 (0.52, 2.21) | 186 | 0.20 (0.18, 0.23) | 0.92 (0.37, 2.27) | 194 | 0.22 (0.19, 0.25) | 0.97 (0.58, 1.63) | 104 | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.69 (0.36, 1.29) |
| All-cause mortality | 9958 | 12.13 (11.89, 12.37) | 22,224 | 25.56 (25.23, 25.90) | 2.11 (1.97, 2.26) | 13,014 | 14.22 (13.98, 14.47) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.29) | 8752 | 9.69 (9.49, 9.90) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | 5537 | 7.98 (7.77, 8.19) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) |
CI confidence interval, REF reference group, Major CVD major cardiovascular disease, Composite outcome of stroke, heart failure and coronary artery disease.
Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by Cox regression, HR > 1 (or <1) indicates patients with COVID-19 had higher (lower) risk of sequelae compared to the non-COVID-19 control cohort.
Unvaccinated, incomplete vaccinated, fully vaccinated, and received booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines refers to patients who have received 0 dose, 1 doses, 2 doses and ≥3 doses of BioNtech or CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccines, respectively.