. 2024 Feb 12;12:1313781. doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1313781

Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
• 5 years of age or younger AND • Admission diagnosis of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis ◦ For neonates (under 1 month of age), respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, and meconium aspiration qualified for inclusion AND • Respiratory distress upon presentation to the hospital, defined as cough or trouble breathing plus at least one of the following ◦ <92% despite low flow oxygen ◦ Central cyanosis ◦ Tachypnea ◦ Chest indrawing ◦ Nasal flaring ◦ Grunting ◦ Head nodding ◦ Convulsions ◦ Lethargy ◦ Inability to breastfeed or drink AND • No bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) machine is available for immediate use	• History of asthma • Upper airway obstruction • Diaphragmatic hernia • Pneumothorax • Acute Glasgow Coma score <4 • Cleft Palate • Cyanotic heart disease • Congenital lung disease • Bleeding disorders • Imminent death within 2 h • Have had abdominal or thoracic surgery

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

•
5 years of age or younger

AND

•
Admission diagnosis of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis
- ◦
  For neonates (under 1 month of age), respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, and meconium aspiration qualified for inclusion

AND

•
Respiratory distress upon presentation to the hospital, defined as cough or trouble breathing plus at least one of the following
- ◦
  <92% despite low flow oxygen
- ◦
  Central cyanosis
- ◦
  Tachypnea
- ◦
  Chest indrawing
- ◦
  Nasal flaring
- ◦
  Grunting
- ◦
  Head nodding
- ◦
  Convulsions
- ◦
  Lethargy
- ◦
  Inability to breastfeed or drink

AND

•
No bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) machine is available for immediate use

•
History of asthma
•
Upper airway obstruction
•
Diaphragmatic hernia
•
Pneumothorax
•
Acute Glasgow Coma score <4
•
Cleft Palate
•
Cyanotic heart disease
•
Congenital lung disease
•
Bleeding disorders
•
Imminent death within 2 h
•
Have had abdominal or thoracic surgery

Eligible patients must have been five years old or younger, have an admission diagnosis of LRTI, and have respiratory distress. If a bCPAP machine was immediately available at the time of enrollment, the patient was not enrolled. If the patient presented with any of the exclusion criterion, the patient was not enrolled.