Table 1.
Patient and disease characteristics and outcomes.
| Variables, n (%) or median (IQR), range | Overall N = 79 |
Not recovered N = 23 (29.1%) |
Recovered N = 56 (70.9%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time from hospital admission to follow-up survey completion, days | 530 (382, 652) | 554 (467, 645) | 520 (376, 661) | 0.55 |
| Epoch | 0.81 | |||
| January 2020–June 2020 | 6 (7.6) | 1 (4.4) | 5 (8.9) | |
| July 2020–December 2020 | 31 (39.2) | 10 (43.5) | 21 (37.5) | |
| January 2021–July 2021 | 42 (53.2) | 12 (52.2) | 30 (53.6) | |
| Age, years | 6.5 (2.0, 13.0), n = 78 | 9.4 (5, 14.0), n = 22 | 6.0 (1.2, 13.0), n = 56 | 0.10 |
| Sex | 0.31 | |||
| Female | 30 (38.0) | 11 (47.8) | 19 (33.9) | |
| Male | 49 (62.0) | 12 (52.2) | 37 (66.1) | |
| Race | N = 77 | N = 22 | N = 55 | 0.38 |
| Asian | 4 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.3) | |
| Black or African American | 17 (22.1) | 3 (13.6) | 14 (25.5) | |
| White | 53 (68.8) | 18 (81.8) | 35 (63.6) | |
| Other | 3 (3.9) | 1 (4.6) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Hispanic Ethnicity | 8 (12.1), n = 66 | 2 (10.5), n = 19 | 6 (12.8), n = 47 | 1.00 |
| SARS CoV-2 Diagnosis (from Tier 1) | 0.24 | |||
| Acute SARS-CoV-2 | 62 (78.5) | 16 (69.6) | 46 (82.1) | |
| MIS-C | 17 (21.5) | 7 (30.4) | 10 (17.9) | |
| Pre-existing condition | 51 (64.6) | 12 (52.2) | 39 (69.6) | 0.12 |
| Neurologic | 24 (30.4) | 7 (30.4) | 17 (30.4) | |
| Non-neurologic | 28 (36.4) | 6 (28.6) | 22 (39.3) | |
| Cardiovascular | 15 (19.0) | 1 (4.4) | 14 (25.0) | 0.06 |
| Respiratory | 17 (21.5) | 5 (21.7) | 12 (21.4) | 1.000 |
| Renal or urologic | 6 (7.6) | 1 (4.4) | 5 (8.9) | 0.67 |
| Gastrointestinal | 11 (14.3), n = 77 | 4 (19.1), n = 21 | 7 (12.5), n = 56 | 0.48 |
| Hematologic or immunologic | 8 (10.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (14.3) | 0.10 |
| Metabolic | 8 (10.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (14.3) | 0.10 |
| Congenital or genetic | 12 (15.2) | 3 (13.0) | 9 (16.1) | 1.000 |
| Malignancy | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Premature or neonatal | 5 (6.9), n = 72 | 2 (11.1), n = 18 | 3 (5.6), n = 54 | 0.59 |
| Technology dependence | 6 (7.6) | 1 (4.4) | 5 (8.9) | 0.67 |
| Transplantation | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.6) | 1.000 |
| Other non-neurologic | 7 (9.1), n = 77 | 3 (13.6), n = 22 | 4 (7.3), n = 55 | 0.40 |
| Initial glasgow coma scale score | N = 67 | N = 21 | N = 46 | 0.72 |
| 13–15 | 58 (86.6) | 18 (85.7) | 40 (87.0) | |
| 9–12 | 4 (6.0) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (4.4) | |
| 3–8 | 5 (7.5) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (8.7) | |
| Highest level of care | 0.31 | |||
| Intensive care unit | 29 (36.7) | 6 (26.1) | 23 (41.1) | |
| Ward | 50 (63.3) | 17 (73.9) | 33 (58.9) | |
| hospital length of stay, days | 3 (2, 8) | 3 (2, 8) | 3 (2, 8) | 0.77 |
| Intensive care unit length of stay, days | 4 (2, 5), n = 29 | 5 (4, 5), n = 6 | 3 (1, 10), n = 23 | 0.34 |
| Home disposition post-hospital discharge | 77 (97.5) | 23 (100.0) | 54 (96.4) | 1.00 |
| Any neurologic manifestation | 42 (53.2) | 13 (56.5) | 29 (51.8) | 0.81 |
| Severe neurologic manifestation | 24 (30.4) | 7 (30.4) | 17 (30.4) | 1.00 |
| Impairment at hospital dischargeb | 7 (9.1), n = 77 | 1 (4.8), n = 21 | 6 (10.7), n = 56 | 0.67 |
| Initial laboratory testing | ||||
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 3.4 (0.5, 13.1) | 5.7 (1.3, 25.1) | 1.3 (0.4, 6.3) | 0.02 |
| Sodium, mMol/L | 137.0 (135.0, 140.0) | 137.0 (134.0, 139.0) | 137.0 (135.0, 140.0) | 0.88 |
| White blood cells (total), per L | 8,500.0 (5,600.0, 11,150.0) | 8,650.0 (7,050.0, 12,450.0) | 8,050.0 (5,200.0, 11,050.0) | 0.34 |
| Lymphocytes, gm/dl | 1,365.0 (827.0, 2,630.0) | 956.0 (592.0, 1,600.0) | 1,640.0 (900.0, 2,925.0) | 0.07 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.3 (11.1, 13.4) | 12.3 (10.8, 12.9) | 12.3 (11.1, 13.7) | 0.78 |
| Platelets, per L | 219,000.0 (158,000.0, 331,000.0) | 207,500.0 (158,500.0, 312,500.0) | 219,000.0 (149,000.0, 334,000.0) | 0.78 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 252.0 (136.0, 616.0) | 185.0 (72.0, 1,093.0) | 261.0 (145.0, 529.0) | 0.80 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.5 (0.2, 7.3) | 0.5 (0.2, 7.9) | 0.6 (0.3, 4.5) | 0.80 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dl | 463.0 (291.0, 524.0) | 502.0 (447.0, 647.0) | 336.0 (284.0, 513.0) | 0.08 |
| Alanine transaminase, int'l unit/L | 24.0 (15.0, 36.0) | 24.5 (15.5, 71.5) | 24.0 (15.0, 32.0) | 0.51 |
| Aspartate transaminase, int'l unit/L | 38.0 (25.0, 54.0) | 40.0 (24.0, 91.0) | 37.5 (25.0, 50.0) | 0.59 |
| Prothrombin, seconds | 14.7 (13.5, 15.4) | 14.7 (13.3, 15.4) | 14.6 (13.5, 15.3) | 0.73 |
| Partial Thromboplastin Time, seconds | 32.0 (29.0, 36.6) | 34.0 (29.0, 40.0) | 32.0 (29.0, 36.0) | 0.48 |
| International Normalized Ratio | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 0.96 |
| D-dimer, mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units | 2.0 (0.7, 3.2) | 3.0 (0.7, 3.8) | 1.9 (0.8, 2.8) | 0.88 |
| Inpatient SARS-CoV-2 related condition treatmenta | ||||
| Any treatment | 27 (34.2) | 11 (47.8) | 16 (28.6) | 0.12 |
| Steroids | 23 (29.1) | 10 (43.5) | 13 (23.2) | 0.10 |
| Intravenous immune globulin | 16 (20.3) | 7 (30.4) | 9 (16.1) | 0.22 |
| Remdesivir | 13 (16.5) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (16.1) | 1.00 |
| Monoclonal Ab | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 1.00 |
Note that sample size is reported only for variables with sample size <79.
MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
a
No patient received chloroquine, azithromycin, interleukin-6 inhibitors, plasma exchange, favipiravir, convalescent plasma, lopinavir, or anakinra.
b
New impairment at hospital discharge was defined as any baseline to hospital discharge worsening in either the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) or Functional Status Scale (FSS) score, or discharge PCPC > 1 or FSS > 6.