Table 1. Clinical, 2DE, and 4D RA and RV characteristics of study population.
| Parameters | PH (n=74) | Healthy control (n=15) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.53±12.15 | 38.40±12.83 | 0.75 |
| Gender (male) | 23 [31.1] | 4 [26.7] | 0.98 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.60±0.16 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.64±3.44 | ||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 710.50 (340.55–1,720.15) | ||
| 6MWD (m) | 407.86±94.16 | ||
| WHO-FC I/II/III | 3/22/31 | ||
| Hemodynamics | |||
| mRAP (mmHg) | 3.00 (1.00–6.00) | ||
| RVSP (mmHg) | 92.38±19.52 | ||
| mPAP (mmHg) | 53.10±12.10 | ||
| PVR (dyn·s·cm−5) | 792.19 (572.69–959.11) | ||
| PAWP (mmHg) | 7.15±3.57 | ||
| RV-CI (L/min/m2) | 2.89 (2.34–3.43) | ||
| PH severity | |||
| Mild PH | 6 [8] | ||
| Moderate PH | 15 [20] | ||
| Severe PH | 53 [72] | ||
| Clinical classification | |||
| IPAH | 31 [42] | ||
| PH with unclear mechanisms | 21 [28] | ||
| CTEPH | 13 [18] | ||
| CTD-PAH | 7 [9] | ||
| PAH after operation of CHD | 2 [3] | ||
| 2DE parameters | |||
| RVD (mm) | 33.47±7.67 | 22.27±2.60 | <0.001 |
| RAD (mm) | 46.40±11.45 | 34.33±4.16 | <0.001 |
| RV-FAC (%) | 30.07±9.73 | 46.33±11.44 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 16.21±3.26 | 22.25±2.67 | <0.001 |
| TR (m/s) | 4.29±0.69 | 2.02±0.47 | <0.001 |
| TR severity mild/moderate/severe | 7/0/0 | 27/13/24 | <0.001 |
| TV E/A | 1.15±0.44 | 1.45±0.52 | 0.04 |
| LVEF (%) | 68.77±7.00 | 68.50±4.60 | 0.42 |
| Echocardiographic sPAP | 81.49±23.22 | 221.08±8.44 | <0.001 |
| 4DE parameters | |||
| RAESV (mL) | 82.26±45.64 | 37.25±11.23 | <0.001 |
| RVEDV (mL) | 135.39±46.58 | 83.27±27.73 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n [%]. 2DE, 2-dimensional echocardiography; 4D, 4-dimensional; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; BSA, body surface area; BMI, body mass index; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide; 6MWD, 6-min walking distance; WHO-FC, World Health Organization functional class; mRAP, mean right atrial pressure; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; mPAP, mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; PAWP, pulmonary wedge artery pressure; RV-CI, right ventricular cardiac index; IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; CTEPH, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; CTD, connective tissue disease; CHD, congenital heart disease; RVD, right ventricular diameter; RAD, right atrial diameter; FAC, fractional area change; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TV E/A, tricuspid valve blood early and atrium flow; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RAESV, right atrial end-systolic volume; RVEDV, right ventricular end-diastolic volume.