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. 2023 May;222(5):212–220. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2023.23

Table 5.

Associations between latent class growth analysis three-classes model and substance misuse and employment/educational adverse outcomes at 24 years

Outcome OR 95% CI P
Substance misuse at 24 years
DAWBA anxiety
Anxiety Class1 (ref)
Anxiety Class2 1.04 0.90 to 1.20 0.628
Anxiety Class3 0.83 0.62 to 1.11 0.210
Gender 2.51 2.20 to 2.86 <0.001
Gestational age 1.02 0.99 to 1.06 0.161
FAI total score 1.03 1.02 to 1.05 <0.001
Ethnicity 0.99 0.64 to 1.55 0.977
Maternal age birth 0.99 0.98 to 1.01 0.194
DAWBA depression
Mood Class2 (ref)
Mood Class1 1.44 1.18 to 1.86 0.031
Mood Class3 1.32 0.99 to 1.92 0.071
Gender 2.41 2.12 to 2.75 <0.001
Gestational age 1.03 0.99 to 1.07 0.084
FAI total score 1.02 1.01 to 1.03 0.003
Ethnicity 1.01 0.65 to 1.56 0.908
Maternal age birth 0.99 0.98 to 1.01 0.480
DAWBA anxiety + depression
A + D Class2 (ref)
A + D Class1 1.51 1.25 to 1.82 0.005
A + D Class3 1.57 1.15 to 2.15 <0.001
Gender 2.36 2.08 to 2.68 <0.001
Gestational age 1.03 0.99 to 1.07 0.057
FAI total score 1.02 1.01 to 1.03 <0.001
Ethnicity 1.00 0.64 to 1.55 1.00
Maternal age birth 1.00 0.99 to 1.02 0.719
Any education/employment problem at 24 years
DAWBA anxiety
Anxiety Class1 (ref)
Anxiety Class2 1.27 1.10 to 1.47 0.001
Anxiety Class3 1.56 1.20 to 2.03 0.001
Gender 0.89 0.78 to 1.01 0.083
Gestational age 0.94 0.91 to 0.98 0.001
FAI total score 1.03 1.02 to 1.04 <0.001
Ethnicity 0.92 0.57 to 1.50 0.747
Maternal age birth 1.10 0.99 to 1.12 0.207
DAWBA depression
Mood Class2 (ref)
Mood Class1 1.77 1.47 to 2.12 <0.001
Mood Class3 1.38 1.00 to 1.91 0.047
Gender 0.86 0.76 to 0.98 0.026
Gestational age 0.94 0.91 to 0.98 0.001
FAI total score 1.03 1.01 to 1.04 <0.001
Ethnicity 1.04 0.66 to 1.65 0.854
Maternal age birth 1.01 0.99 to 1.03 0.114
DAWBA anxiety + depression
A + D Class2 (ref)
A + D Class1 1.68 1.40 to 2.01 <0.001
A + D Class3 1.48 1.07 to 2.05 0.018
Gender 0.86 0.76 to 0.98 0.022
Gestational age 0.96 0.92 to 0.99 0.009
FAI total score 1.03 1.02 to 1.04 <0.001
Ethnicity 1.02 0.64 to 1.62 0.926
Maternal age birth 1.01 0.99 to 1.02 0.198

Significance level at <0.050 (bold). A + D, DAWBA Generalised anxiety composite score + DAWBA mood total score (i.e. internalising symptoms); FAI, Family adversity index.