Table 2.
Crude and adjusted analysis multilevel, multivariable linear regression (and logistic regression) of the between-group comparison during follow-up (accounting for both time points)a
| Outcome and measure | n | OR (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | P | aORb,c (95% CI) | aMDb,c (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||||||
| GHQ-12 | 894 | – | −1.34 (−2.15 to −0.53) | 0.001 | −1.39 (−2.05 to −0.74) | <0.001 | |
| Secondary outcomes (continuous) | |||||||
| BRS | 871 | – | 0.06 (−0.05 to 0.16) | 0.29 | – | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.09) | 0.26 |
| SWEMWBS | 867 | – | 0.45 (−0.06 to 0.95) | 0.08 | – | 0.54 (0.20 to 0.89) | 0.002 |
| SPS-6 | 865 | – | 0.45 (−0.18 to 1.08) | 0.16 | – | 0.38 (−0.12 to 0.87) | 0.14 |
| Secondary outcomes (binary) | |||||||
| GAD-7 | 870 | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.35) | – | 0.29 | 0.69 (0.39 to 1.23) | – | 0.21 |
| PHQ-9 | 867 | 0.70 (0.39 to 1.28) | – | 0.25 | 0.61 (0.35 to 1.04) | – | 0.07 |
| WSAS | 866 | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.50) | – | 0.43 | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.11) | – | 0.10 |
| MISS | 865 | 0.35 (0.20 to 0.64) | – | 0.001 | 0.36 (0.21 to 0.60) | – | <0.001 |
a, adjusted; GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; BRS, Brief Resilience Scale; SWEMWBS, Short Warwick-Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale; SPS-6, Stanford Presenteeism Scale; GAD, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; MD, mean difference; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; WSAS, Work and Social Adjustment Scale; MISS, Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale.
a. Presenting the MD and aMD from the linear regression for: general (non-psychotic) psychiatric morbidity (GHQ-12); resilience (BRS); well-being (SWEMWBS); and presenteeism (SPS). As well as the odds ratio and aOR of: moderate anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 10); moderate depression symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10); moderately severe or severe functioning impairment (WSAS ≥ 21); and insomnia (MISS ≥ 6) from the logistic regression models.
b. Adjusted for: baseline outcome, age, gender, ethnicity, occupational role (clinical or non-clinical), use of other mental health application (yes or no), use of mental health/well-being medication (yes or no), use of psychological or talking therapy (yes or no), and 4-week and 8-week assessments.
c. One participant not included in the analysis because of data missing on ethnicity.