Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (N = 313)
| Total (N = 313) | Participants without IADL disability (N = 181) | Participants with IADL disability (N = 132) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 75.7 ± 7.1 | 74.1 ± 6.3 | 77.8 ± 7.5 | < 0.001a |
| Female, n (%) | 247 (78.9) | 138 (76.2) | 109 (82.6) | 0.175b |
| Years of education | 6.9 ± 4.9 | 8.0 ± 4.5 | 5.3 ± 5.0 | < 0.001a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 3.7 | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 0.352a |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.010b | |||
| Married | 162 (51.8) | 105 (58.0) | 57 (43.2) | |
| Single, divorced, widowed or separated | 151 (48.2) | 76 (42.0) | 75 (56.8) | |
| Living alone, n (%) | 52 (16.6) | 30 (16.6) | 22 (16.7) | 0.983b |
| Number of chronic diseases | 4.8 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 2.7 | 4.9 ± 3.1 | 0.692a |
| Number of medications | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 0.009a |
| Self-reported health, n (%) | 0.021b | |||
| Good | 175 (55.9) | 107 (59.1) | 68 (51.5) | |
| Fair | 94 (30.0) | 57 (31.5) | 37 (28.0) | |
| Poor | 44 (14.1) | 17 (9.4) | 27 (20.5) | |
| Sleep disorders, n (%) | 183 (58.5) | 95 (52.5) | 88 (66.7) | 0.012b |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.243b | |||
| Current | 33 (10.5) | 23 (12.7) | 10 (7.6) | |
| Former | 36 (11.5) | 18 (9.9) | 18 (13.6) | |
| Never | 244 (78.0) | 140 (77.3) | 104 (78.8) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | 0.079b | |||
| Current | 51 (16.3) | 35 (19.3) | 16 (12.1) | |
| Former | 34 (10.9) | 15 (8.3) | 19 (14.4) | |
| Never | 228 (72.8) | 131 (72.4) | 97 (73.5) | |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 222 (70.9) | 138 (76.2) | 84 (63.6) | 0.015b |
| MMSE score | 24.0 ± 4.7 | 25.9 ± 3.1 | 21.4 ± 5.4 | < 0.001a |
| GDS score | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 5.7 ± 3.4 | 7.5 ± 3.6 | < 0.001a |
Note: IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, mini mental state examination; GDS, geriatric depression scale
a Student’s t test
b Pearson χ2