Table 2.

Selected Studies on Cell-Mediated Immunity of COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients With IBD

Study	Cohort	Sample size	Vaccines	Timepoint(s) evaluated	Key findings
Two-dose cell-mediated immunity
Lin et al22	CLARITYIBD	n=123	BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	4-6 weeks after 2nd dose	Roughly 20% of patients failed to mount a T-cell response after the primary series. There was no difference between anti-TNF and vedolizumab treatment groups.
Li et al50	CORALEIBD	n=303	BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.CoV2.S	2 weeks and 8 weeks after 2nd dose	The T-cell response was preserved among patients treated with antimetabolites, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and systemic corticosteroids compared with untreated patients. The T-cell response was comparatively greater among anti-TNF–treated patients. Antibody concentrations corresponded poorly with T-cell response.
Caldera et al49	HERCULES	n=158	BNT162b2, mRNA-1273	28-35 days after 2nd dose	Patients with IBD had a cell-mediated immune response similar to that of HCs. The T-cell response was greater among patients on anti-TNF therapy and did not correlate with humoral immunity.
Cerna et al28	ISCARE	n=60	BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	26 weeks after 2nd dose	The T-cell response was lesser among patients with IBD compared with HCs. Patients with low or borderline T-cell responses were more commonly treated with anti-TNFs.
Three-dose cell-mediated immunity
Woelfel et al29	STAR SIGN	n=139	BNT162b2, mRNA-1273	2-16 weeks after 3rd dose	There were more anti-TNF–treated patients than HCs with low T-cell responses. The T-cell response did not correlate with antibody concentrations.
Alexander et al23	VIP	n=280	BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	28-49 days after 3rd dose	There was not a difference in the T-cell response among patients with IBD treated with thiopurine, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, anti-TNF monotherapy, or anti-TNF combination therapy with thiopurine when compared with HCs. Patients treated with tofacitinib had a lower T-cell response compared with HCs.
Zhang et al37	Royal Melbourne Hospital	n=100	BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	1-3 months after 3rd dose	Patients with IBD had similar T-cell responses to HCs after a 2nd and 3rd dose. Treatment with anti-TNFs was associated with a comparatively greater T-cell response compared with non–anti-TNF–treated patients with IBD and HCs.

Sample size refers to the number of patients with IBD. Timepoint(s) evaluated refers to timing of blood draw relative to date of vaccination.

HC, healthy control; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.