Table 2.
Methodological quality assessment of included studies using Joanna Brigg's Institute quality appraisal (JBI).
| Author (year) | Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | Were the study participants and setting described in detail? | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | Were confounding factors identified? | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | Overall appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalk and Joffe [25] 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Titty et al. [26] 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Titty [27] 2009 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Puepet et al. [28] 2009 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Unadike et al. [29] 2009 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Chanda et al. [30] 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Titty [31] 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Ogbera et al. [32] 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Kangne et al. [33] 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Osuji et al. [34] 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Mogre et al. [35] 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Nsiah et al. [36] 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Ejiofor et al. [37] 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Onyenekwu et al. [38] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Amoabeng Abban [39] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Amidu et al. [40] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Good |
| Osei-Yeboah et al. [41] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Woyesa et al. [42] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Tadewos et al. [43] 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Biadgo et al. [44] 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Birarra and Gelayee [45] 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Obirikorang et al. [46] 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Agyemang-Yeboah et al. [47] 2019 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Gebremeskel et al. [48] 2019 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Bizuayehu Wube et al. [49] 2019 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Zerga and Bezabih [50] 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Anto et al. [51] 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Gebreyesus et al. [52] 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Gemeda et al. [53] 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |
| Charkos and Getnet [54] 2023 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Good |