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. 2024 Jan 26;6(2):226–237. doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00970-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, OR, allele frequency distribution and LVE by ten tier 3 gene-level association signals and ten common variant association signals and their LVE in youth-onset T2D and adult-onset T2D. b, LVE by common variants and gene-level associations in youth-onset T2D and adult-onset T2D for exome-wide significant associations (EWS), ten tier 3 genes and same number of common variants (tier 3), top 25 significant gene-level and common variant associations (top 25) and 46 tier 4 genes and same number of common variants (tier 4). The LVE by common variants increased by 3.5–4.2-fold in youth-onset T2D compared to adult-onset T2D. There was even larger 5.0–9.0-fold increase in LVE by rare variant gene-level associations in youth-onset T2D. Box-and-whisker plots represent the following: line, median; box, IQR; whiskers, minimum and maximum.