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. 2023 Nov 30;8(2):380–398. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01736-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Contrast between the scientific consensus inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 2.550; P = 0.01; β = 2.78; 95% CI, (0.64, 4.87). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −1.493; P = 0.14; β = −0.04; 95% CI, (−0.01, 0.01). b, Contrast between the trust inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 2.130; P = 0.033; β = 2.28; 95% CI, (0.18, 4.38). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −0.976; P = 0.33; β = −0.03; 95% CI, (−0.08, 0.03). c, Contrast between the transparent communication inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 0.928; P = 0.35; β = 1.00; 95% CI, (−1.11, 3.10). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −1.943; P = 0.052; β = −0.06; 95% CI, (−0.11, 0.001). d, Contrast between the moralization inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 2.517; P = 0.011; β = 2.68; 95% CI, (0.59, 4.76). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −0.114; P = 0.91; β = −0.003; 95% CI, (−0.06, 0.05). e, Contrast between the accuracy inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 1.080; P = 0.033; β = 1.16; 95% CI, (−0.95, 3.27). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −1.985; P = 0.047; β = −0.06; 95% CI, (−0.11, −0.001). f, Contrast between the positive emotions inoculation and passive disinformation control conditions: t_two-sided(6,978) = 2.339; P = 0.02; β = 0.01; 95% CI, (0.41, 4.61). Two-way interaction between conditions and trial: t_two-sided(113,000) = −0.280; P = 0.78; β = −0.01; 95% CI, (−0.06, 0.05). Each panel represents one condition and its contrast with the passive control condition (shown in dark grey). The y axis represents mean affect towards climate mitigation action, with values higher than 50 related to feeling more positively towards climate mitigation action, and values lower than 50 related to feeling more negatively towards climate mitigation action. The dashed line represents the ‘neutral’ anchor point (affect = 50). The x axis represents the trial number, with trial = 0 representing affect pre-intervention, and the numbers from 1 to 20 representing each climate disinformation statement received. The light grey bands represent the mean-centred standard errors produced by model fitting with a GAM function. Colour palette by the MetBrewer package¹⁶⁹. The full-sized figures are in the Supplementary Information, Supplementary Figs. 2–7.