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. 2024 Feb 10;24(2):199–208. doi: 10.1007/s12012-024-09835-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The femoral artery diameter (mm) was measured using a M-mode display (panel D), and blood flow velocity (CM/S) was measured using Doppler signal (panel E) with high-resolution ultrasound (15-MHz transducer and Sonos 5500 ultrasound system, Philips Medical System, Andover, MA). The femoral artery blood flow rate (mL/min) was measured using an ultrasound perivascular flow probe (panel F) (TS410, Transonic Systems Inc., NY, USA). A The femoral artery internal diameter (mm) before artery occlusion and at 3 min after reperfusion. There was a significantly smaller diameter (*: p = 0.023) in the E-cig compared with air exposure group. B The femoral artery blood flow velocity (CM/s) before artery occlusion and at 3 min after reperfusion. C The femoral artery blood flow rate (ml/min) before artery occlusion and after reperfusion (peak flow rate). The peak blood flow rate was measured immediately after reperfusion. There was a significantly lower flow rate (#: p = 0.034) in the E-cig compared with air exposure group. D Representative picture of femoral artery (red arrows). E Doppler signal of flow velocity of femoral artery (red arrows). F Continuous tracing recording of flow rate at baseline before femoral artery occlusion, during 5 min of occlusion, and after reperfusion (red arrows point different time points, separately)