Table 2.
Outcomes at Baseline, Post-intervention, and Follow-up by Groups
| imVR (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | Between group comparisons | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | |||
| FMA-UE, mean (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 17.5 (12.8) | 14.8 (13.0) | 2.7 (− 5.5 to 11.0) | |
| Post-intervention | 34.9 (18.4) | 24.0 (20.7) | 9.1a (1.6 to 16.6) | 0.019b |
| Follow-up | 48.0 (15.1) | 36.0 (20.0) | 11.5a (1.9 to 21.0) | 0.020b |
| BI, mean (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 56.0 (17.4) | 47.5 (21.0) | 8.5 (− 3.9 to 20.9) | |
| Post-intervention | 85.3 (12.2) | 72.8 (21.7) | 8.3a (0.08 to 16.5) | 0.048b |
| Follow-up | 98.8 (3.4) | 92.2 (8.2) | 4.8a (0.85 to 8.8) | 0.019b |
imVR immersive virtual reality, CI confidence interval, FMA-UE Fugl–Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity, SD standard deviation, BI Barthel Index; aAdjusted estimates after controlling for baseline FMA-UE score or BI score, age, sex, site, time since onset, hypertension and diabetes; bP value was determined using ANCOVA model with baseline score, age, sex, side of brain lesion, time since stroke, hypertension and diabetes as covariates of no interest