Table 3.
Characteristics of studies used in the standardized mean difference meta-analysis.
| Cognitively unimpaired | Mild cognitive impairment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Sample size | Age | MoCA | Sample size | Age | MoCA |
| Ahmed et al. (2012) | 20 | 77.4 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 2.8 | 15 | 80.9 ± 7.2 | 21.7 ± 3.3 |
| Aycicek et al. (2020) | 91 | 71.0 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 54 | 75.0 | 14.2 ± 5.1 |
| Bartos and Fayette (2018) | 226 | 72.0 ± 8.0 | 26.0 ± 3.0 | 48 | 72.0 ± 7.0 | 21.0 ± 4.0 |
| Bello-Lepe et al. (2020) | 113 | 71.5 ± 7.6 | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 65 | 76.92 ± 8.71 | 17.2 ± 4.1 |
| Cesar et al. (2019) | 385 | nr | 19.1 ± 4.9 | 135 | nr | 15.1 ± 4.6 |
| Chiu et al. (2018) | 99 | 75.4 ± 6.6 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 128 | 76.4 ± 6.8 | 18.3 ± 3.4 |
| Chu et al. (2015) | 115 | 72.2 ± 6.1 | 24.4 ± 3.2 | 87 | 77.2 ± 6.3 | 18.7 ± 4.6 |
| Cummings-Vaughn et al. (2014) | 51 | 77 ± 7.5 | 25.8 ± 2.9 | 57 | 78.8 ± 6.7 | 22.8 ± 3.3 |
| Dautzenberg et al. (2020) | 459 | 71.3 ± 7.3 | 23.5 ± 4.2 | 153 | 73.9 ± 8 | 20.9 ± 3.8 |
| Delgado et al. (2019) | 104 | 72.3 ± 5.4 | 24.2 ± 3.7 | 24 | 75.3 ± 7.8 | 17.0 ± 3.9 |
| Dong et al. (2013) | 128 | 67.4 ± 4.8 | 24.3 ± 2.8 | 83 | 74.3 ± 5.5 | 16.4 ± 4.3 |
| Freitas et al. (2013) | 90 | 69.6 ± 7.1 | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 90 | 70.5 ± 8.0 | 18.3 ± 3.9 |
| Freud et al. (2020) | 80 | 80.1 ± 7.1 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 80 | 75.0 ± 5.3 | 20.2 ± 3.1 |
| Goldstein et al. (2014) | 16 | 65.8 ± 7.7 | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 38 | 71.9 ± 8.9 | 19.8 ± 4.2 |
| González et al. (2021) | 3,905 | 68.0 ± 10.4 | 26.0 ± 3.0 | 2,362 | 70.4 ± 9.0 | 22.0 ± 4.6 |
| Hemrungrojn et al. (2021) | 60 | 67.9 ± 6.4 | 28.5 ± 1.8 | 61 | 72.1 ± 7.0 | 26.2 ± 2.2 |
| Janelidze et al. (2017) | 46 | 57.7 ± 10.8 | 26.3 ± 2.5 | 20 | 62.8 ± 11.5 | 19.2 ± 1.8 |
| Julayanont et al. (2015) | 43 | 66.6 ± 6.7 | 26.6 ± 1.9 | 42 | 70.2 ± 6.6 | 22.9 ± 2.1 |
| Kaya et al. (2014) | 246 | 68.0 ± 10.3 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 114 | 74.2 ± 8.8 | 18.9 ± 3.3 |
| Larner (2012) | 85 | nr | 25.2 ± 3.2 | 29 | nr | 18.3 ± 4.5 |
| Lee et al. (2018) | 35 | 73.6 ± 6.4 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 36 | 76.2 ± 7.4 | 16.6 ± 5.1 |
| Li et al. (2018) | 53 | 70.2 ± 9.1 | 25.8 ± 2.3 | 56 | 75.2 ± 7.1 | 20.9 ± 3.3 |
| Liew et al. (2015) | 146 | 64.9 ± 7.0 | 25.2 ± 2.1 | 41 | 71.8 ± 6.7 | 21.6 ± 4.0 |
| Lifshitz et al. (2012) | 80 | 71.3 ± 4.7 | 26.7 ± 1.9 | 74 | 76.3 ± 5.6 | 20.3 ± 3.3 |
| Masika et al. (2021) | 19 | 69.3 ± 5.8 | 20.1 ± 5.4 | 42 | 70.4 ± 8.0 | 15.9 ± 5.9 |
| Mellor et al. (2016) | 708 | 72.5 ± 8.4 | 27.6 ± 2.7 | 267 | 76.5 ± 7.7 | 21.4 ± 5.5 |
| Memória et al. (2013) | 28 | 72.5 ± 5.3 | 26.3 ± 2.9 | 30 | 74.7 ± 5.7 | 22.1 ± 3.3 |
| Ng et al. (2015) | 88 | nr | 26.5 ± 3.2 | 46 | nr | 26.8 ± 2.7 |
| Pan et al. (2022) | 431 | 66.5 ± 9.3 | 26.3 ± 3.5 | 285 | 72.1 ± 10.5 | 20.5 ± 5.1 |
| Paterson et al. (2022) | 40 | 74.0 ± 7.0 | 25.0 ± 2.3 | 51 | 75.0 ± 5.7 | 24.0 ± 2.6 |
| Peixoto et al. (2018) | 30 | 68.6 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 2.5 | 30 | 67.2 ± 9.3 | 21.6 ± 4.9 |
| Rashedi et al. (2021) | 59 | 62.6 ± 6.7 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 40 | 68.1 ± 8.8 | 19.3 ± 4.0 |
| Roalf et al. (2013) | 140 | 71.2 ± 9.2 | 26.8 ± 2.6 | 126 | 72.3 ± 8.1 | 20.9 ± 4.5 |
| Rodríguez-Salgado et al. (2021) | 53 | 70.4 ± 5.9 | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 46 | 72.7 ± 7.5 | 25.3 ± 2.3 |
| Rossetti et al. (2019) | 45 | 62.3 ± 6.8 | 25.5 ± 2.1 | 90 | 64.8 ± 5.9 | 21.3 ± 3.9 |
| Senda et al. (2020) | 50 | 64.9 ± 12.0 | 25.6 ± 2.7 | 94 | 73.5 ± 8.3 | 21.6 ± 3.0 |
| Serrano et al. (2020) | 155 | 71.5 ± 6.2 | 25.5 ± 2.2 | 158 | 72.6 ± 6.3 | 20.6 ± 3.5 |
| Sokołowska et al. (2020)* | 91 | 74.1 | 25.9 | 190 | 78.2 | 21.82 |
| Thomann et al. (2020) | 283 | 73.8 ± 5.2 | 26.5 ± 2.4 | 159 | 76.0 ± 6.0 | 22.0 ± 3.6 |
| Townley et al. (2019) | 313 | 81.7 ± 5.0 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 114 | 84.0 ± 5.2 | 20.5 ± 2.9 |
| Trzepacz et al. (2015) | 219 | 77.7 ± 6.2 | 25.6 ± 2.8 | 299 | 74.2 ± 7.9 | 23.4 ± 3.4 |
| Wang et al. (2019) | 136 | 69.2 ± 11.4 | 26.5 ± 2.1 | 120 | 76.9 ± 7.9 | 20.2 ± 3.1 |
| Yan et al. (2021) | 64 | 73.5 ± 16.0 | 26.6 ± 1.0 | 62 | 82.0 ± 15.5 | 20.8 ± 2.7 |
| Yeung et al. (2014) | 49 | 73.6 ± 7.6 | 22.6 ± 4.0 | 49 | 76.5 ± 7.5 | 16.4 ± 5.0 |
| Yu et al. (2012) | 865 | 70.4 ± 7.11 | 22.3 ± 5.4 | 115 | 71.5 ± 7.3 | 17.8 ± 6.3 |
| Zhou et al. (2014) | 148 | 67.7 ± 7.2 | 21.5 ± 0.7 | 24 | 67.2 ± 6.6 | 18.3 ± 1.6 |
Mean ± standard deviation; nr, not reported. *Standard deviation was not reported.