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. 2024 Feb 13;15:1338650. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1338650

Table 2.

Results of confirmatory factor analysis examining different dimensions of environmental attitudes, place attachment, and pro-environmental behavior among visitors to Mt. Bukhan National Park, South Korea (n = 403).

Dimension/item Mean (SD) λ CR AVE α
Environmental knowledge 0.840 0.570 0.827

  1. I know that excessive recreational activities will damage the environments of the mountain

 3.937 (1.061) 0.690

  1. I know that carbon dioxide emissions by automobiles and motorcycles will pollute the mountain

 4.181 (1.003) 0.807

  1. I know that over extensive tourism development will sacrifice natural resources and environments

 4.294 (0.901) 0.816

  1. I know that, in the trip, the use of green tableware, such as bowls and chopsticks will avoid damage to the environment

 4.297 (0.944) 0.700
Environmental sensitivity 0.864 0.619 0.860

  1. I enjoy natural environments

 4.121 (1.029) 0.842

  1. I am interested in the ecological preservation in Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.995 (1.022) 0.926

  1. I appreciate the natural environment of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.907 (1.057) 0.702

  1. I care about the impact of my living habits on the natural environments of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.793 (1.117) 0.648
Place identity 0.913 0.724 0.925

  1. Visiting Mt. Bukhan Dullegil has a deep meaning for me

 3.816 (0.993) 0.774

  1. I have a strong sense of identifying with Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.563 (1.068) 0.831

  1. I have a strong sense of belonging in regard to Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.568 (1.066) 0.920

  1. I have a special feeling for Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.579 (1.008) 0.874
Place dependence 0.935 0.783 0.934

  1. I enjoy traveling in Mt. Bukhan Dullegil more than other hiking destinations

 3.695 (1.037) 0.880

  1. I am more satisfied with visiting Mt. Bukhan Dullegil than other hiking destinations

 3.740 (1.040) 0.924

  1. It is more important to visit Mt. Bukhan Dullegil than other hiking destinations

 3.682 (1.054) 0.904

  1. No other locations can replace the hiking of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.453 (1.128) 0.829
Off-site PEB 0.902 0.698 0.895

  1. I try to solve the environmental problems in Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.603 (0.959) 0.812

  1. I read the reports, advertising, and books related to the environments of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.468 (1.034) 0.785

  1. I discuss with others about environmental protection of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.350 (1.058) 0.883

  1. I try to convince companions to adopt positive behaviors in the natural environments of Mt. Bukhan Dullegil

 3.407 (1.076) 0.859
On-site PEB 0.852 0.743 0.845

  1. I pick up trash and branches when I see them in the mountain

 3.746 (0.954) 0.846

  1. I participate in activities to clean the mountain (such as participating in an event for picking up trash in the mountain)

 3.695 (1.033) 0.878

CFA fit indices: χ2 = 1154.942, df = 205, RMSEA = 0.080, CFI = 0.950, NNFI = 0.955.