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. 2024 Jan 11;43(3):362–390. doi: 10.1038/s44318-023-00009-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Glycolytic intermediates in 1- and 4-week-old WT and cAtg3-KO mouse hearts, shown as fold change relative to age-matched WT mice, n = 3 to 6 per group. Unpaired t tests were used to determine statistical significance between two groups. Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05. (B) GAPDH activity in 4-week-old WT and cAtg3-KO mouse hearts, without or with the addition of 10 mM exogenous NAD⁺, n = 6 per group. Unpaired t tests were used to determine statistical significance between two groups. Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05. (C) GAPDH and TUBA4A (alpha-tubulin) protein levels in 4-week-old WT and cAtg3-KO mouse heart homogenates, n = 6 per group. After immunoblotting, the membrane was stained in Coomassie Blue. (D) NAD⁺ levels in 6-week-old WT and cAtg3-KO mouse hearts. n = 7–8 per group. Data are mean ± SEM. An unpaired t test was used to determine statistical significance between two groups. *P < 0.05. (E) NAD⁺ levels in WT mouse hearts after administration of chloroquine (CQ). Mice were used at ~12 weeks of age. n = 6–8 per group. Data are mean ± SEM. An unpaired t test was used to determine statistical significance between two groups. *P < 0.05. Data information: GAPDH activity (B) was measured in 4-, but not 16-, week-old mouse hearts without or with the addition of 10 mM exogenous NAD⁺. Source data are available online for this figure.