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. 2024 Feb 26;14:4599. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55082-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of i-LIGs with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%) (a) High-resolution XPS C1s spectrum of pristine LIG and i-LIGs with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%). (b) Elemental composition analysis, including elements such as S and F in i-LIGs with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%). (c) Raman spectra of pristine LIG and i-LIGs with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%). (d) Analysis of I_D/I_G and I_2D/I_G ratios with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%). (e) Electrical resistance measurements of i-LIGs with varying concentrations of ILs (10–30 wt%). (f) Schematic illustration of the growth mechanism of i-LIGs through the photothermal carbonization and rearrangement process.