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. 2024 Feb 26;14:4599. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55082-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrical and electrochemical characteristics of a vertical capacitor with i-LIG and PI ion gel (a) Schematic image of a capacitor with i-LIG and PI ion gel. (b) Impedance Nyquist plots (imaginary part − Z′′ as a function of real part Z′) of i-LIG on PI ion gel with varied amount of ILs (10–30 wt%). (c) Capacitance-frequency of i-LIG on ion gel with 30 wt% ILs. (d) An illustration image of the operating characteristics of the vertical capacitor with i-LIG and PI Ion Gel (e) Interface resistance of PI ion gel with ILs (30 wt%) depending on electrode. (f) Capacitance characteristics of PI ion gel with ILs (30 wt%) depending on electrode. Each error bar represents the standard deviation around the mean.