Table 2.
A/T/N classification of the study population.
| Variables | Total | Normal | AD continuum | Suspect non-AD pathophysiology (SNAP) | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A−/T−/N− | A+/T−/N− | A+/T+/N− | A+/T+/N+ | A+/T−/N+ | A−/T+/N− | A−/T+/N+ | A−/T−/N+ | |||
| Number | 132 | 37 | 6 | 13 | 22 | 5 | 27 | 10 | 12 | – |
| Number: normal, aMCI, AD | 60,23,49 | 30,6,1 | 2,0,4 | 0,5,8 | 1,3,18 | 0,1,4 | 15,6,6 | 3,0,7 | 9,2,1 | – |
| Age (years) | 71.2 (7.5) | 70.3 (7.5) | 68.0 (8.9) | 72.1 (6.0) | 70.7 (8.2) | 70.4 (10.8) | 71.4 (8.2) | 75.9 (3.9) | 71.0 (5.9) | 0.389** |
| Male sex (%) | 67/132 (51) | 20 (54) | 2/6 (33) | 4/13 (30) | 11/22 (50) | 1/5 (20) | 16/27 (59) | 5/10 (50) | 8/12 (67) | – |
| Education, years | 14.4 (2.2) | 14.4 (1.9) | 14.3 (2.0) | 14.8 (2.9) | 13.8 (2.0) | 13.0 (3.0) | 14.8 (2.0) | 13.7 (2.4) | 15.2 (2.6) | 0.390** |
| ApoE4 carrier number (%) | 44/131 (34) | 3/37 (8) | 2/6 (33) | 8/13 (62) | 14/22 (64) | 2/5 (40) | 7/26 (27) | 5/10 (50) | 3/12 (25) | – |
| BMI | 22.2 (3.7) | 22.9 (3.6) | 24.7 (5.7) | 20.2 (3.0) | 20.6 (3.4) | 20.8 (4.9) | 23.7 (3.6) | 21.6 (3.2) | 22.1 (2.5) | 0.012 |
| MMSE | 26.5 (3.9) | 28.9 (1.3) | 22.7 (4.9) | 25.2 (2.9) | 24.6 (3.8) | 22.6 (3.8) | 27.2 (3.1) | 22.6 (6.0) | 28.8 (1.4) | < 0.001** |
| ADAS-cog J | 7.3 (5.8) (n = 128)a | 3.8 (2.1) (n = 37) | 14.9 (9.8) (n = 6) | 9.9 (4.4) (n = 13) | 10.3 (4.6) (n = 21) | 17.4 (13.4) (n = 5) | 5.7 (3.4) (n = 25) | 8.9 (3.9) (n = 9) | 3.9 (2.1) (n = 12) | < 0.001** |
| FAB | 15.1 (2.8) | 16.5 (1.8) | 12.5 (3.2) | 13.4 (2.9) | 14.0 (3.3) | 13.4 (2.6) | 15.4 (2.4) | 14.3 (2.9) | 16.7 (1.8) | < 0.001** |
| GDS | 2.9 (2.3) | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.2 (2.0) | 2.8 (1.5) | 3.3 (2.1) | 3.4 (2.3) | 3.4 (3.2) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.8 (2.5) | 0.898** |
| WMS-R Attention/Concentration | 66.6 (12.2) (n = 124)b | 69.3 (11.6) (n = 36) | 59.3 (13.0) (n = 4) | 61.3 (12.8) (n = 13) | 63.1 (11.9) (n = 21) | 57.3 (8.5) (n = 4) | 69.2 (11.5) (n = 26) | 61.2 (12.9) (n = 9) | 74.5 (9.9) (n = 11) | 0.013 |
| WMS-R Delayed recall | 47.0 (30.5) (n = 123)c | 68.8 (17.9) (n = 36) | 47.8 (48.6) (n = 4) | 23.5 (21.2) (n = 13) | 20.7 (19.3) (n = 20) | 19.3 (7.8) (n = 4) | 49.0 (29.4) (n = 26) | 26.4 (27.9) (n = 9) | 73.2 (14.8) (n = 11) | < 0.001 |
| WMS-R Logical Memory II | 10.1 (9.8) (n = 127)d | 16.5 (7.7) (n = 36) | 11.2 (15.0) (n = 5) | 3.2 (5.5) (n = 13) | 2.6 (6.0) (n = 22) | 0.8 (1.3) (n = 5) | 11.4 (9.2) (n = 26) | 4.4 (6.3) (n = 9) | 17.3 (9.4) (n = 11) | < 0.001 |
| Odor identification scores | 5.3 (2.5) | 6.7 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.3) | 5.2 (1.7) | 4.1 (2.3) | 2.6 (0.9) | 5.6 (2.6) | 3.8 (2.3) | 5.6 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| CSF Aβ1-42 pg/ml | 940.5 (471.1) | 1316.4 (379.3) | 456 (118.3) | 445.5 (80.9) | 456.3 (116.7) | 408.6 (139.8) | 1084.1 (279.4) | 1035.9 (380.2) | 1267 (396.6) | – |
| CSF Aβ1-40 pg/ml | 8554 (3398) | 9489 (3099) | 4866 (1574) | 6722 (2436) | 9506 (4368) | 7558 (4937) | 7325 (2735) | 9681 (2348) | 9995 (2693) | – |
| CSF Aβ42/40 ratio | 0.136 (0.173) | 0.148 (0.048) | 0.099 (0.023) | 0.072 (0.021) | 0.057 (0.028) | 0.217 (0.384) | 0.216 (0.325) | 0.113 (0.051) | 0.133 (0.047) | – |
| CSF p-Tau pg/ml | 69.59 (39.44) | 38.45 (13.03) | 27.73 (14.67) | 90.46 (24.23) | 92.16 (24.49) | 48.32 (7.57) | 100.80 (46.60) | 95.56 (32.87) | 39.52 (10.42) | – |
| CSF t-Tau pg/ml | 709.7 (397.1) | 483.4 (196.4) | 489.4 (254.1) | 507.6 (159.2) | 1139.3 (391.4) | 1103.2 (219.9) | 447.1 (182.0) | 1307.1 (329.9) | 878.2 (81.1) | – |
| CSF p-Tau/Aβ1-42 ratio | 0.104 (0.090) | 0.031 (0.012) | 0.057 (0.018) | 0.209 (0.069) | 0.218 (0.089) | 0.136 (0.071) | 0.098 (0.050) | 0.102 (0.05) | 0.033 (0.013) | – |
Data are shown as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated. P-values with no asterisk are for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
**Kruskal-Wallis test.
A(+) amyloid-positive individuals with ATN classification; A(−) amyloid-negative; T(+) p-Tau positive; T(−) p-Tau negative; N(+) t-Tau positive; N(−) t-Tau negative; aMCI amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD Alzheimer’s disease; BMI body mass index; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; ADAS-cog J Alzheimer-Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive-Japanese version; FAB Frontal Assessment Battery; GDS 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale-revised; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ amyloidβ; p-Tau Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; t-Tau total Tau; SNAP suspected non-AD pathophysiology.
aFour participants did not consent.
bEight participants did not consent.
cNine participants did not consent.
dFive participants did not consent.
P-values were calculated for mean comparisons among the eight groups (Normal, AD continuum, and SNAP). The null hypothesis was that all the means of the eight groups were equal. We applied one-way ANOVA for normally distributed variables and the Kruskal–Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables.