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. 2023 Dec 19;25(1):31–44. doi: 10.1038/s44319-023-00023-3

Figure 1. Physical barrier-mediated pathogen suppression.

Figure 1

Plants suppress pathogen entry by closing stomata and the cuticle barrier. Once pathogens penetrate these physical barriers, plants remodel physical structures to suppress pathogen spread. Plants induce cell wall reinforcement including the deposition of callose and lignin. Xylem vessel is modified by tyloses and gels. Plant cells undergo localized cell death called hypersensitive response. These changes in physical structures contribute to the suppression of pathogen spread.