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. 2024 Jan 22;25(2):524–543. doi: 10.1038/s44319-023-00028-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A, B) Body weight gain (A) and accumulative food intake (B) in C57BL/6 male mice during 2% d-malate treatment for 10 weeks (n = 8 for each group). (C) Body composition in C57BL/6 male mice after 8 weeks d-malate treatment by a nuclear magnetic resonance system (n = 8 for each group). (D) Serum d-malate concentration in C57BL/6 male mice after 10 weeks 2% d-malate treatment (n = 8 for each group). (E–L) O₂ consumption (E, F), respiratory quotient (G, H), energy expenditure (I, J), locomotor activity (K, L) in C57BL/6 male mice fed after 4 weeks 2% d-malate treatment (n = 8 for each group). Data information: t test was used in this figure where error bars represent SEM, and *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Source data are available online for this figure.