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. 2024 Jan 22;25(2):524–543. doi: 10.1038/s44319-023-00028-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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Figure EV2 — (A) OD value of CCK-8 to detect proliferation activity of C2C12 cells (n = 10). (B) The mRNA expression of MyoG, Myf5, IGF1, MUFR1, Myostatin in C2C12 cells (n = 5–6). (C–E) Immunofluorescence images (C) of C2C12 cells after induced differentiation, differentiation index (D) and myotube diameter (E) (n = 6). Scale bars, 200 μm. (F, G) The protein expression of p-mTOR/mTOR in C2C12 cells (n = 4). (H, I) The protein expression of MyHC in C2C12 cells with 100 μM d-malate treatment for 2 days, 4 days and 6 days, ctrl group didnʼt receive d-malate treatment. (n = 3). Data information: t test was used in this figure where error bars represent SEM. Source data are available online for this figure.