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. 2024 Jan 11;43(2):168–195. doi: 10.1038/s44318-023-00008-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Brown adipocyte with vehicle (CTL) or 4CBA treatment were stained with MitoTracker deep red, bodipy and dapi and visualized using the Zeiss LSM710, scale bar = 20 µm. (B) The roundness and aspect ratio of the visualized mitochondria were assessed using Fiji from 2 independent experiments. (C) Phosphorylation of Drp1 was assessed and quantified using western blot, n = 6. (D) Mitochondrial morphology of brown adipocytes with treatment was visualized using TEM with the Tecnai-12, scale bar = 1 µm. (E) Cristae Length/Mito Perimeter of visualized mitochondria were assessed using Fiji from 3 independent experiments. Data information: (C) Data are mean ± SEM. (B, C, E) Results were compared using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. Significance presented at **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared to controls. Data describes biological replicates. Source data are available online for this figure.