Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| All (n = 64) | Men (n = 17) | Women (n = 47) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | |
| Age (years) | 21.8 | 2.2 | 22.4 | 2.4 | 21.6 | 2.1 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 | 4.8 | 26.9 | 6.21 | 23.76 | 3.93 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.7 | 14.6 | 90.9 | 18.2 | 76.9 | 11.0 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 41.3 | 9.2 | 52.9 | 7.5 | 37.0 | 5.3 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 25.1 | 9.6 | 26.3 | 14.3 | 24.6 | 7.3 |
| Fat mass (%) | 35.9 | 7.8 | 30.1 | 9.8 | 38.0 | 5.7 |
| VAT mass (g) | 320.7 | 189.3 | 441.2 | 218.1 | 277.1 | 158.8 |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.1 | 6.8 | 89.7 | 9.4 | 87.5 | 5.5 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.5 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 7.7 | 4.0 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 165.9 | 37.4 | 160.7 | 47.5 | 167.9 | 33.4 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.1 | 11.5 | 46.2 | 6.5 | 57.0 | 11.7 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 95.8 | 29.4 | 94.9 | 36.5 | 96.1 | 26.8 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86.9 | 63.8 | 102.4 | 81.4 | 81.2 | 56.0 |
| APOA1 (mg/dL) | 149.8 | 33.1 | 128.7 | 17.6 | 155.7 | 34.2 |
| APOB (mg/dL) | 65.7 | 20.1 | 65.0 | 24.8 | 65.9 | 19.0 |
| Leptin (μg/L) | 6.2 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 7.1 | 4.4 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 11.4 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 12.7 | 8.6 |
| GPT (IU/L) | 19.3 | 19.0 | 30.7 | 31.5 | 15.0 | 8.3 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 19.81 | 21.57 | 32.76 | 34.85 | 14.91 | 10.7 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 74.75 | 23.10 | 86.47 | 27.28 | 70.41 | 19.9 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.7 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 4.2 |
| Brown adipose tissue | ||||||
| BAT volume (mL) | 67.6 | 61.6 | 80.6 | 76.9 | 62.8 | 55.3 |
| BAT SUVmean | 3.6 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 2.0 |
| BAT SUVpeak | 10.7 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 7.8 |
| BAT radiodensity (HU) | −59.2 | 8.4 | −58.9 | 8.5 | −59.3 | 8.5 |
Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). BAT radiodensity sample size: all, n = 47; men, n = 13; women, n = 34. Abbreviations are as follows: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; APOA1, apolipoprotein A1; APOB, apolipoprotein B; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GPP, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index; HU, Hounsfield Units; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SUV, standardized uptake value; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.