Figure 1.

Study design

MR, mendelian randomization; TWMR analyses, transcriptome-wide MR analyses; GWAS, genome-wide association study; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; GTEx project, Genotype-Tissue Expression project; eQTL, expression quantitative trait loci; MVP, Million Veteran Program; GBMI, Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative; HERMES, Heart Failure Molecular Epidemiology for Therapeutic Targets Consortium.