Figure 4.

Sex-stratified MR to estimate the causal effects of genetically determined LVEF levels on risks of HF/HF subtypes

GWAS of LVEF is from the present study, whereas sex-stratified GWAS of HF is from GBMI, and GWASs of male-dominant HFrEF and HFpEF are from MVP. Inverse variance weighted 2-sample MR method was performed. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI are for the risk of HF and its subtypes per percent change in the LVEF levels. The squares are the causal estimates on the OR scale, and the whiskers represent the 95% CI for these ORs.