Figure 5.

Sex-stratified TWMR to estimate the causal effects of gene expression levels on levels of LVEF and risks of HF/HF subtypes

Wald’s ratio method was applied. The effects on LVEF were reported as effect sizes (β) with 95% CIs. Effects of per 1-SD change in gene expression level on binary outcomes (HF, HFrEF, and HFpEF) were represented as ORs with 95% CIs. The squares are the causal estimates on the β scale for LVEF levels, or OR scale for binary outcomes, and the whiskers represent the 95% CIs.∗ The instrument of NPR2, rs78920801, was not available in the male-specific HF GWAS data. We attempted to use a proxy genetic variant in high LD with this eQTL (r² > 0.8 in the 1000 Genomes data for the relevant population³²) instead. However, no variant met this criterion.