Table 2.
Multiple adjusted environmental footprints of food purchases by quintiles of the contribution of ultra-processed foods and beef. Brazilian households, 2017–2018 †
| Environmental footprints | Quintiles of the contribution of beef to total energy § | Quintiles of the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy ¶ | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | |
| Carbon footprint (gCO2eq/1000 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude | 1462·5 | 41·4 | 1622·0 | 23·2 | 1774·7 | 35·3 | 1836·1 | 22·4 | 2160·2 | 38·5 * | 1702·3 | 37·6 | 1671·1 | 32·9 | 1738·8 | 28·1 | 1793·6 | 44·2 | 1947·0 | 39·0 * |
| Adjusted‡ | 1449·5 | 28·9 | 1602·8 | 17·7 | 1751·2 | 23·2 | 1853·6 | 18·0 | 2198·7 | 38·9 * | 1738 | 51·4 | 1645·7 | 29·2 | 1734·4 | 26·4 | 1798·8 | 42·0 | 1936·0 | 58·1 ** |
| Water footprint (litres/1000 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude | 1422·6 | 37·5 | 1534·1 | 22·1 | 1643·6 | 30·3 | 1654·6 | 20·6 | 1860·8 | 29·5 * | 1479·0 | 26·3 | 1525·2 | 21·7 | 1619·8 | 20·9 | 1676·1 | 30·2 | 1815·6 | 27·5 * |
| Adjusted‡ | 1401·4 | 25·1 | 1511·1 | 15·9 | 1617·7 | 20·5 | 1674·7 | 14·4 | 1911·2 | 26·4 * | 1531·4 | 37·7 | 1523·6 | 21·2 | 1611·8 | 19·0 | 1662·1 | 28·1 | 1785·8 | 42·5 * |
Linear regression P trend value <0·001.
Linear regression P trend value <0·01.
Footprint data source: Table of carbon, water and ecological footprints for each 100 g of foods and culinary preparations consumed in Brazil(26).
Adjusted for income, area, region and out-of-home expenses.
Percentual of beef consumption in each quintile (se): Q1 = 3·0 % (0·1); Q2 = 4·1 % (0·0 %); Q3 = 4·9 % (0·0 %); Q4 = 5·8 % (0·1 %); Q5 = 8·2 % (0·2 %).
Percentual of ultra-processed foods in each quintile (se): Q1 = 10·1 % (0.2); Q2 = 15·7 % (0·2 %); Q3 = 19·9 % (0·2 %); Q4 = 23·3 % (0·2 %); Q5 = 28·1 % (0·4 %).