Table 2.

Summary of FDA approved commercially available multiplex assays including targets, source, methodology, turnaround time, and clinical caveats

Blood
Name	Manufacturer	Organism targets	Gene targets resistance genes (RGs)	Specimen source	Technique	Turnaround time	Clinical caveat	Citation
Biofire Blood culture identification (BCID) 2 panel	Biomerieux	7 yeast, 26 bacterial	10 RGs	Positive blood culture bottle	mPCR	1 hour	Detects multiple targets in polymicrobial samples	95
ePlex BCID Gram-positive panel	GenMarkDx	20 organisms, pan-Gram-negative and pan- Candida	4 RGs	Positive blood culture bottle	mPCR	1.5 hours	Detects multiple targets in polymicrobial samples	96
ePlex BCID Gram-negative panel	GenMarkDx	21 organisms, pan-Gram- positive and pan-Candida	7 RGs	Positive blood culture bottle	mPCR	1.5 hours	Detects multiple targets in polymicrobial samples	96
ePlex BCID Fungal panel	GenMarkDx	15 organisms	None	Positive blood culture bottle	mPCR	1.5 hours	Detects multiple targets in polymicrobial samples	96
Verigene Gram-positive panel	Diasorin	13 organisms	3 RGs	Positive blood culture bottle	Nanoparticle probe	2.5 hours	Unreliable for polymicrobial samples	97
Verigene Gram-negative	Diasorin	9 organisms	6 RGs	Positive blood culture bottle	Nanoparticle probe	2.5 hours	Unreliable for polymicrobial samples	97
T2Bacteria panel	T2Biosystems	5 organisms	None	Direct from blood	NMR	3-5 hours	Lower limit of detection	98
T2Candida panel	T2Biosystems	5 organisms	None	Direct from blood	NMR	3-5 hours	Lower limit of detection	99
Accelerate Pheno and blood culture panel	Accelerate diagnostics	14 bacteria, 2 yeast	Susceptibility to 17 agents	Positive blood culture bottle	PNA-FISH, morphokinetic cellular analysis	2-7 hours	Unreliable if multiple organism morphologies or polymicrobial samples	100
Upper respiratory
Name	Manu-facturer	Organism Targets	Gene targets	Specimen source		Turnaround time	Cost
Biofire FilmArray respiratory pathogen panel	Biomerieux	17 viruses, 3 bacteria	None	Nasopharyngeal (NP) swab	mPCR	1 hour	Requires pairing with ASP* to reduce antimicrobial utilization	101
Biofire Respiratory 2.1-EZ panel	Biomerieux	15 viruses, 4 bacteria	None	NP swab	mPCR	45 minutes	Requires pairing with ASP to reduce antimicrobial utilization	102
Verigene Respiratory pathogens flex	Luminex	13 viruses and 3 bacteria	None	NP swab	mPCR	2 hours	Requires pairing with ASP to reduce antimicrobial utilization	103
eSensor Respiratory virus panel	GenMarkDx	14 viruses	None	NP swab	mPCR	6 hours		104
ePlex Respiratory virus panel 2	GenMarkDx	16 viruses, 2 bacteria	None	NP swab	mPCR	3 hours	Requires pairing with ASP to reduce antimicrobial utilization	104
Lower respiratory
Biofire FilmArray pneumonia panel	Biomerieux	8 viruses, 18 bacteria	RGs	Sputum or BAL	mPCR	1 hour	Requires pairing with ASP to reduce antimicrobial utilization	105
Gastrointestinal
Biofire FilmArray GI panel	Biomerieux	5 viruses, 11 bacteria, 4 parasites	None	Stool	mPCR	1 hour	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms, high rates of colonization with unclear clinical significance	106
xTAG GI Pathogen panel	Luminex	3 viruses, 8 bacteria, 1 bacterial toxin, 3 parasites	None	Stool	mPCR	5 hours	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms, high rates of colonization with unclear clinical significance	107
BDMax Enteric bacterial panel	BD	4 bacteria	None	Stool	mPCR	3.5 hours	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms	108
BDMax Extended enteric bacterial panel	BD	8 bacteria	None	Stool	mPCR	3.5 hours	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms	109
BDMax Enteric viral panel	BD	5 viruses	None	Stool	mPCR	3 hours	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms	110
BDMax Enteric parasite panel	BD	3 parasites	None	Stool	mPCR	4.5 hours	Lower sensitivity than conventional methods	111
Verigene Enteric pathogens panel	Diasorin	2 viruses, 5 bacteria, 2 bacterial toxins	None	Stool	mPCR	2 hours	Cannot differentiate between live and dead organisms, high rates of colonization with unclear clinical significance	112
Joint
Biofire joint infection panel	Biomerieux	15 Gram-positive, 14 Gram-negative, 2 yeast	20 RGs	Synovial fluid	mPCR	1 hour	Missing many common causes of prosthetic joint infections	113
CNS
Biofire meningitis/Encephalitis panel	Biomerieux	7 viruses, 6 bacteria, 1 yeast	None	Cerebrospinal fluid	mPCR	1 hour	Cannot fully replace traditional diagnostics	114

Note.

^*ASP: antibiotic stewardship program.