TABLE 1.
Overview of documented ubiquitination of cysteine (C), serine (S) and threonine (T) residues. Indicated, when known, are the “writers” (E2 and E3 enzymes catalyzing the ubiquitination), the substrate and the functional consequence of the ubiquitination. Non-canonical ubiquitination of MARCH-1 was detected using a lysine-less protein, the term “non-lysine” indicates that the residue(s) undergoing ubiquitination remains unspecified.
| Type | Writers (E2/E3) | Substrate | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S, T | Ubc6 (yeast E2, homolog of UBE2J2)/Doa10 (yeast E3, homolog of MARCH6) | Asi2 | Degradation | Boban et al. (2015), Weber et al. (2016) |
| C, S, T | BID | Degradation | Tait et al. (2007) | |
| S, T | VPU-mediated (viral protein); SCFβ−TrCP (E3) | CD4 and BST-2 | Degradation | Magadán et al. (2010), Tokarev et al. (2011) |
| S | ARIH1 (E3) | CCNE | Purser et al. (2023) | |
| S, T | hD4R | Skieterska et al. (2015), Peeler et al. (2017) | ||
| S, T | HOIL-1 (E3 ligase) | IRAK4, IRAK2, MyD88, ubiquitin | Regulation of cytokine signaling | Kelsall et al. (2019), Petrova et al. (2021), Rodriguez Carvajal et al. (2021), McCrory et al. (2022) |
| Non-lysine | UBE2D1 (E2) | MARCH-1 | Lei et al. (2018) | |
| S, T | UBE2J2 (E2)/mK3 (viral E3) | MHC-1 | ER-associated degradation | Wang et al. (2007), Herr et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2009) |
| C | MIR1, MIR2 (viral E3s) | MHC-1 | Lysosomal degradation | Cadwell and Coscoy, 2005 (2008) |
| C, S, T | Ngn2 | degradation | Vosper et al. (2009), McDowell et al. (2010) | |
| S, T | MYCBP2 (E3) | NMNAT2 | Pao et al. (2018) | |
| S, T | HRD1 (E3) | NS-1 | ER-associated degradation | Shimizu et al. (2010) |
| S, T | NY-ESO-1 (antigen) | Golnik et al. (2016) | ||
| C | Pex4p (yeast E2) | Pex18p (yeast) | Recycling | Hensel et al. (2011), El Magraoui et al. (2013) |
| C | Pex4p (yeast E2), UBE2D1/2/3 (mammalian E2) | Pex5p (yeast and mammalian) | Recycling | Carvalho et al. (2007), Williams et al. (2007), Grou et al. (2008), Okumoto et al. (2011), Schwartzkopff et al. (2015) |
| C | Pex4p (yeast E2), Pex2p/Pex10p/Pex12p (yeast E3s) | Pex20p | Recycling | Léon and Subramani (2007), Liu and Subramani (2013) |
| C | March6 (E3) | SQLE | Degradation | Chua et al. (2019) |
| S | HRD1 (E3) | TCRα | ER-associated degradation | Ishikura et al. (2010) |