Table 2. Case studies in CTE (methodologies and insights).

CTE: Cartilage tissue engineering

Author(s)	Focus Area	Key Methodologies	Significant Findings	Critical Analysis
Bakhshayesh et al. [2]	Therapeutic Avenues	Comprehensive review of the role of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors	Outlined the current state of the art and highlighted the importance of these elements in articular cartilage repair.	Valuable synthesis of existing knowledge; reiterates known concepts without introducing new experimental data
Lammi et al. [5]	Functional Cartilage Tissue	Various methodologies for cartilage tissue production, including scaffold-based and scaffold-free models	Elaborated on diverse methodologies and their respective advantages and disadvantages.	Provides comparative analysis but lacks experimental validation or clinical trials
Fang [1]	Cell Sources & Novel Biomaterials	Identification of suitable cell sources and development of novel biomaterials	Highlighted the pros and cons of different cell types and materials for effective cartilage repair.	Contributes understanding in material and cell source selection, but limited by its narrow focus
Stampoultzis [10]	Advancements in Mechanobiology & Materials	Detailed overview of biomaterial science, mechanobiology, and manufacturing processes	Emphasized the role of chondrocyte mechanobiology in the development of clinical-grade cartilage constructs.	In-depth understanding of mechanobiology; lacks practical application data
Jelodari et al. [11]	Scaffold-Cartilage Integration	Investigated 4D-printing, deployment of growth factors, and use of extracellular vesicles	Explored promising techniques for enhancing tissue integration with existing cartilage.	Innovative approach with 4D-printing; real-world application and scalability yet to be determined
Wei et al. [21]	Osteochondral Defect Regeneration	Use of stratified sodium alginate constructs combined with bioactive glass and other materials	Demonstrated successful outcomes in osteochondral defect regeneration.	Promising scaffold design integrating bioactive materials; long-term clinical efficacy needs further investigation
Zelinka et al. [7]	Clinical Efficacy	Implanting an esterified hyaluronic acid scaffold seeded with passaged chondrocytes	Resulted in the formation of hyaline-like cartilage in osteoarthritis patients.	Clinically relevant approach; larger-scale clinical trials needed for efficacy and safety confirmation