Table 3. Crude and adjusted extended Cox regression models for predictors of breastfeeding cessation before 2 years of age among term infants in the MINA-Brazil cohort.
| Characteristics | Crude | Distal level | Distal intermediate level | Proximal intermediate level | Proximal level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HRa (95%CI) | HRa (95%CI) | HRa (95%CI) | HRa (95%CI) | |
| Maternal age at delivery < 19 years | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | |||
| Maternal schooling ≤ 9 years | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | |||
| Maternal non-white self-reported skin color | 0.79 (0.63–1.00) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.78 (0.62–1.00) | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 0.76 (0.57–1.03) |
| Woman living with her partner | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.79 (0.64–0.96) | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 0.87 (0.70–1.09) |
| Household Wealth Index below mean | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | |||
| Primiparous mother | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | |||
| Antenatal care visits < 6 | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) | 0.90 (0.71–1.13) | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) | |||
| Malaria during pregnancy | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 1.01 (0.73–1.40) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy body mass indexa > 25 kg/m2 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | |||
| Excessive gestational weight gainb | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | |||
| Cesarean delivery | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | |||
| Male baby | 1.29 (1.09–1.51) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) | ||
| Low birth weight | 1.27 (0.81–1.99) | 1.16 (0.69–1.92) | |||
| Small for gestational age | 1.12 (0.91–1.60) | 1.08 (0.79–1.51) | |||
| Breastfeeding within the first hour | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | 1.12 (0.80–1.50) | |||
| Prelacteal feedingc | 1.30 (0.80–2.10) | 1.40 (0.84–2.35) | |||
| Breast problemsd | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | |||
| Pacifier use in the first week of lifec | 4.70 (3.15–7.00) | 4.66 (2.99–7.26) | |||
| Diarrhea in the first 15 days of life | 1.10 (0.67–1.68) | 1.03 (0.64–1.68) | |||
| Fever in the first 15 days of life | 1.30 (0.92–1.83) | 1.42 (1.00–2.02) | |||
| Wheezing in the first 15 days of life | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 0.91 (0.70–1.17) | |||
| Dry cough in the first 15 days of life | 1.57 (0.96–2.55) | 1.22 (0.70–2.12) | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding < 3 monthsc | 2.82 (1.92–4.13) | 2.76 (1.64–4.66) | |||
| Bottle use while breastfeeding | 1.55 (1.16–2.06) | 1.28 (0.91–1.81) |
HR: hazard ratio; HRa: adjusted hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
Note: Complete case analysis (proximal model n = 701). Totals differ due to missing values for covariates.
a
According to the World Health Organization standards.
b
According to the Institute of Medicine Guidelines, 2009.
c
Time-varying covariates.
d
Sore breast, cracked nipples or both.