Table 2.

Key differences between Image-based and Laboratory-based Diagnostics with a focus on LLM applications

Feature	Image-based diagnostics	Laboratory-based diagnostics
Data source	Medical images	Blood, tissue, other bodily fluids
Analysis method	Visual analysis, image processing, AI	Biochemical analysis, genetic testing, pathogen detection
Strengths	Non-invasive, rapid, can visualize anatomical structures	More specific, quantitative, can detect biochemical changes
Limitations	Subjective, requires trained specialists, prone to artifacts	Invasive, time-consuming, may not be specific to a single disease
LLM applications	Image analysis, classification, possibly segmentation and lesion characterisation	Analysing test results, predicting disease risk, identifying new biomarkers