. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 27.

Published in final edited form as: Violence Against Women. 2019 Mar 27;26(6-7):590–613. doi: 10.1177/1077801219833823

Table 3.

Results From Logistic and Multinomial Logistic Regression Models Estimating the Effects of Firstborn Sex and Controls on the Odds, Frequency, and Severity of Intimate Partner Violence Within the Last Year.

	Psychological			Physical					Sexual
	I	II		III	IV		V		VI	VII
	Any	Sometimes	Often	Any	Sometimes	Often	Moderate	Severe	Any	Sometimes	Often

Firstborn female	1.01	1.00	1.04	0.99	0.99	0.99	1.01	0.97	0.98	0.97	1.01
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.07)
Imbalanced SRFB	0.99	1.07	0.78^**	1.17^***	1.23^***	0.91	1.20^***	1.13^*	0.92	0.90	1.00
	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.11)
No education	0.96	1.01	0.83^**	1.08^**	1.08^*	1.10^†	1.08^*	1.09^*	0.95	0.95	0.92
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.08)
Wealth (ref.: Quintile 1)
Quintile 2	0.98	0.98	0.99	0.88^**	0.89^**	0.85^*	0.89^*	0.88^*	0.90^†	0.91	0.86
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.08)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.09)
Quintile 3	0.78^***	0.76^***	0.83^*	0.69^***	0.71^***	0.64^***	0.70^***	0.68^***	0.72^***	0.70^***	0.80^†
	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.08)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.10)
Quintile 4	0.60^***	0.63^***	0.53^***	0.52^***	0.55^***	0.41^***	0.59^***	0.43^***	0.52^***	0.53^***	0.48^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.07)
Quintile 5	0.35^***	0.38^***	0.27^***	0.22^***	0.23^***	0.15^***	0.29^***	0.13^***	0.23^***	0.24^***	0.21^***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.04)
Caste (ref.: scheduled tribe/caste)
Other backward class	0.86^***	0.87^**	0.84^*	0.85^***	0.84^***	0.87^*	0.85^***	0.85^***	0.80^***	0.83^**	0.68^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.07)
Forward	0.77^***	0.73^***	0.87	0.78^***	0.76^***	0.84^*	0.83^***	0.69^***	1.01	1.03	0.93
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.08)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.07)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.10)
None, don’t know, refused	0.84^†	0.85	0.81	0.77^**	0.78^**	0.72^*	0.77^**	0.77^*	1.29^*	1.35^*	1.09
	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.14)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.11)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.15)	(0.17)	(0.23)
Religion (ref.: Hindu)
Muslim	1.16^*	1.16^*	1.17	1.23^***	1.21^***	1.27^**	1.20^**	1.28^***	1.27^**	1.26^**	1.31^*
	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.11)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.12)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.16)
Christian	0.95	1.06	0.60^***	0.71^***	0.76^***	0.49^***	0.69^***	0.75^***	0.59^***	0.67^***	0.36^***
	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.08)
Sikh	1.20	1.27	0.94	1.24^*	1.24^*	1.17	1.20	1.28^†	1.02	1.00	1.08
	(0.17)	(0.19)	(0.29)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.28)	(0.16)	(0.19)	(0.18)	(0.20)	(0.32)
Buddhist	0.89	0.82	1.11	0.88	0.87	0.92	0.99	0.71^*	0.64^*	0.66^†	0.58
	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.23)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.18)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.14)	(0.22)
Other	0.91	0.99	0.69	1.20^*	1.32^**	0.72	1.20	1.21	1.05	1.23	0.52^†
	(0.10)	(0.12)	(0.17)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.16)	(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.21)	(0.18)
Employed in the last year	1.37^***	1.33^***	1.51^***	1.18^***	1.13^***	1.39^***	1.09^*	1.32^***	1.10^*	1.04	1.31^***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.07)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.11)
Urban	1.38^***	1.32^***	1.59^***	1.49^***	1.44^***	1.74^***	1.42^***	1.61^***	1.12^†	1.09	1.25^*
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.15)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.14)	(0.07)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.14)
Age at first birth	0.97^***	0.97^***	0.97^**	0.96^***	0.97^***	0.95^***	0.97^***	0.96^***	0.96^***	0.97^***	0.95^***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Marital duration at first birth	1.00^**	1.00^*	1.00^*	1.00^**	1.00^*	1.00^**	1.00^*	1.00^†	1.00^*	1.00^*	1.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Constant	0.26^***	0.19^***	0.07^***	0.73^***	0.56^***	0.18^***	0.40^***	0.33^***	0.22^***	0.16^***	0.06^***
	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Observations	57,820	57,820	57,820	57,845	57,845	57,845	57,845	57,845	57,846	57,846	57,846

Note. Robust standard errors, clustered by survey cluster, in parentheses. SRFB = sex ratio of first birth.

^†

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001 (two-tailed test).