Box 1. Political, social, health and education system context of Palestinian refugees.

	Country (setting) where Palestinian refugees are located
	Jordan	Lebanon	Syria	West Bank	Gaza
Number of registered refugees reported by UNRWA in 2021 [11, 12]	2,334,789	482,676	575,234	883,950	1,516,258
Estimated percentage of total national population that are refugees (World Bank population data in 2021 [12, 15])	21%	9%	3%	30%	78%
Political/Social context	Most Palestinians have Jordanian nationality since 2009. Use of Jordanian government services permitted.	Palestinians’ right to work & access to government services is severely constrained. Not eligible to use Lebanese public primary healthcare or schools.	Massive internal displacement since 2011. 137,234 Palestinians in Syria fled to Lebanon & Jordan; an estimated 438,000 remain.	Dual systems for Israeli settlers & Palestinians, restricting Palestinian rights and travel. Eligible to use public Palestinian Authority services.	Blockade & travel restrictions. Eligible to use public Palestinian Authority services.
Health and education context	UNRWA co-finances hospitalisation services.	UNRWA provides secondary school education. UNRWA co-finances hospitalisation.	Starting in 2011, UNRWA services affected by conflict. UNRWA co-finances hospitalisation.	Multiple checkpoints restricting access. UNRWA co-finances hospitalisation.	UNRWA co-finances hospitalisation services.
Number of UNRWA health centres in 2021 [11]	25	27	23	43	22
Number of UNRWA schools in 2021 [11]	161	65	102	96	278
Estimated pregnant Palestinian refugees using UNRWA antenatal care services in 2022 [16]	35%	63%	42%	54%	73%
Pregnant women using UNRWA antenatal care at least once with 4 or more antenatal visits in 2022 [16]	81%	75%	55%	90%	98%
Deliveries by trained personnel in 2022 [16]	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%
Children aged 12 months old receiving all vaccine immunisation (BCG, IPV, Poliomyelitis, DPT, Hepatitis B, Measles, Hib) in 2022 [16]	99%	97%	98%	100%	99%