Wolfe 2003.

Methods	Parallel randomised controlled trial (study 1).
Participants	Participants: mothers of at least one child younger than five years of age recruited from parents who attended lectures on discipline at day care and family support centres.  Sex: all mothers. Age of parents: mean 37.6 years. Unit of allocation: individual participant. Number randomised: 25 (11 intervention; 14 control) Number used in analysis: n=25 (11 intervention; 14 control)*. Country & setting: USA; single‐site; recruited from community settings; intervention delivered in the community. Inclusion criteria: mothers with at least one child younger than five years. Exclusion criteria: fathers (because of their small number). Ethnicity: 23 (92%) European American; 2 (8%) Asian American; 25 (100%) married; mean yearly family income $60,000 to $70,000. Baseline characteristics: Two study conditions were comparable with respect to most demographic characteristics; all participants married; mean number of children 1.9; 14 mothers employed.
Interventions	Two conditions: Listening to Children (LTC) parent education program; wait‐list control. Duration of intervention: 8 weeks. Length of follow‐up: 3 months.
Outcomes	Stress (Parenting Stress Index).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information reported insufficient for a judgement to be made. We requested clarification from the trial investigators, but no further information was available at the time this review was prepared.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information reported insufficient for a judgement to be made. We requested clarification from the trial investigators, but no further information was available at the time this review was prepared.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Participants	High risk	Review authors judge that it would not be possible to fully blind participants in this type of study, and found no indication of any specific additional measures taken to reduce the risk of bias that might result from differential behaviours by participants.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Personnel	Unclear risk	Information reported insufficient for a judgement to be made. We requested clarification from the trial investigators, but no further information was available at the time this review was prepared.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Outcome assessors	Unclear risk	Information reported insufficient for a judgement to be made. We requested clarification from the trial investigators, but no further information was available at the time this review was prepared.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There was no attrition in either group.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Investigators do not report endpoint and follow‐up data for the parent‐child dysfunction interaction subscale of the PSI.
Other bias	Low risk	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias.